diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnHandler.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnHandler.ts
index 0d4d210..bf83f89 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnHandler.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnHandler.ts
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
 
                 const resolution = resolveGeneralAction(
                     definition,
-                    actionContext as GeneralActionResolveContext,
+                    actionContext,
                     {
                         now: currentGeneral.turnTime,
                         schedule: context.schedule,
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/engine.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/engine.ts
index ed7e13a..f4f4df3 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/engine.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/engine.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import type { RandomGenerator } from '@sammo-ts/common';
-import { enablePatches, produceWithPatches, type Draft, castDraft } from 'immer';
+import { enablePatches, produceWithPatches, castDraft } from 'immer';
 import type {
     City,
     General,
@@ -34,8 +34,16 @@ export interface GeneralActionResolveContext<
     rng: RandomGenerator;
     city?: City;
     nation?: Nation | null;
+    addLog(
+        message: string,
+        options?: Partial<Omit<LogEntryDraft, 'text'>>
+    ): void;
 }
 
+export type GeneralActionResolveInputContext<
+    TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = GeneralTriggerState
+> = Omit<GeneralActionResolveContext<TriggerState>, 'addLog'>;
+
 export interface TurnScheduleContext {
     now: Date;
     schedule: TurnSchedule;
@@ -130,106 +138,6 @@ export interface GeneralActionResolution {
     };
 }
 
-/**
- * Immer Draft에 Effect를 적용한다.
- * 기존 Effect 기반 코드를 유지하면서 Draft에 즉시 반영하기 위함.
- */
-export const applyEffectToDraft = <
-    TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = GeneralTriggerState
->(
-    draft: Draft<WorldState<TriggerState>>,
-    effect: GeneralActionEffect<TriggerState>,
-    context: { generalId: GeneralId; cityId?: CityId; nationId?: NationId }
-): void => {
-    const generalDraft = draft.general as any;
-    switch (effect.type) {
-        case 'general:patch':
-            if (
-                effect.targetId === undefined ||
-                effect.targetId === context.generalId
-            ) {
-                Object.assign(generalDraft, effect.patch);
-                if (effect.patch.stats) {
-                    generalDraft.stats = {
-                        ...generalDraft.stats,
-                        ...effect.patch.stats,
-                    };
-                }
-                if (effect.patch.role) {
-                    generalDraft.role = {
-                        ...generalDraft.role,
-                        ...effect.patch.role,
-                        items: {
-                            ...generalDraft.role.items,
-                            ...(effect.patch.role.items ?? {}),
-                        },
-                    };
-                }
-                if (effect.patch.triggerState) {
-                    generalDraft.triggerState = {
-                        ...generalDraft.triggerState,
-                        ...effect.patch.triggerState,
-                        flags: {
-                            ...generalDraft.triggerState.flags,
-                            ...(effect.patch.triggerState.flags ?? {}),
-                        },
-                        counters: {
-                            ...generalDraft.triggerState.counters,
-                            ...(effect.patch.triggerState.counters ?? {}),
-                        },
-                        modifiers: {
-                            ...generalDraft.triggerState.modifiers,
-                            ...(effect.patch.triggerState.modifiers ?? {}),
-                        },
-                        meta: {
-                            ...generalDraft.triggerState.meta,
-                            ...(effect.patch.triggerState.meta ?? {}),
-                        },
-                    };
-                }
-                if (effect.patch.meta) {
-                    generalDraft.meta = {
-                        ...generalDraft.meta,
-                        ...effect.patch.meta,
-                    };
-                }
-            }
-            break;
-        case 'city:patch':
-            if (
-                draft.city &&
-                (effect.targetId === undefined ||
-                    effect.targetId === context.cityId)
-            ) {
-                Object.assign(draft.city, effect.patch);
-                if (effect.patch.meta) {
-                    draft.city.meta = {
-                        ...draft.city.meta,
-                        ...effect.patch.meta,
-                    };
-                }
-            }
-            break;
-        case 'nation:patch':
-            if (
-                draft.nation &&
-                (effect.targetId === undefined ||
-                    effect.targetId === context.nationId)
-            ) {
-                Object.assign(draft.nation, effect.patch);
-                if (effect.patch.meta) {
-                    draft.nation.meta = {
-                        ...draft.nation.meta,
-                        ...effect.patch.meta,
-                    };
-                }
-            }
-            break;
-        default:
-            break;
-    }
-};
-
 export const createGeneralPatchEffect = <
     TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = GeneralTriggerState
 >(
@@ -303,7 +211,7 @@ export const resolveGeneralAction = <
     Args = unknown
 >(
     resolver: GeneralActionResolver<TriggerState, Args>,
-    context: GeneralActionResolveContext<TriggerState>,
+    context: GeneralActionResolveInputContext<TriggerState>,
     scheduleContext: TurnScheduleContext,
     args: Args
 ): GeneralActionResolution => {
@@ -323,12 +231,56 @@ export const resolveGeneralAction = <
             nation: context.nation,
         } as WorldState<TriggerState>,
         (draft) => {
+            const addLog = (
+                message: string,
+                options: Partial<Omit<LogEntryDraft, 'text'>> = {}
+            ) => {
+                const entry: LogEntryDraft = {
+                    scope: options.scope ?? LogScope.GENERAL,
+                    category: options.category ?? LogCategory.ACTION,
+                    text: message,
+                    format: options.format ?? LogFormat.MONTH,
+                    ...options,
+                };
+
+                switch (entry.scope) {
+                    case LogScope.GENERAL:
+                        logs.push({
+                            ...entry,
+                            generalId: entry.generalId ?? context.general.id,
+                        });
+                        break;
+                    case LogScope.NATION:
+                        if (entry.nationId !== undefined) {
+                            logs.push(entry);
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        if (context.nation?.id !== undefined) {
+                            logs.push({
+                                ...entry,
+                                nationId: context.nation.id,
+                            });
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case LogScope.USER:
+                        if (entry.userId) {
+                            logs.push(entry);
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case LogScope.SYSTEM:
+                    default:
+                        logs.push(entry);
+                        break;
+                }
+            };
+
             const outcome = resolver.resolve(
                 {
                     ...context,
                     general: castDraft(draft.general),
                     city: castDraft(draft.city),
                     nation: castDraft(draft.nation),
+                    addLog,
                 } as GeneralActionResolveContext<TriggerState>,
                 args
             );
@@ -336,38 +288,7 @@ export const resolveGeneralAction = <
             for (const effect of outcome.effects) {
                 switch (effect.type) {
                     case 'log':
-                        // 로그 대상이 비어 있으면 현재 장수/국가 기준으로 보정한다.
-                        switch (effect.entry.scope) {
-                            case LogScope.GENERAL:
-                                logs.push({
-                                    ...effect.entry,
-                                    generalId:
-                                        effect.entry.generalId ??
-                                        context.general.id,
-                                });
-                                break;
-                            case LogScope.NATION:
-                                if (effect.entry.nationId !== undefined) {
-                                    logs.push(effect.entry);
-                                    break;
-                                }
-                                if (context.nation?.id !== undefined) {
-                                    logs.push({
-                                        ...effect.entry,
-                                        nationId: context.nation.id,
-                                    });
-                                }
-                                break;
-                            case LogScope.USER:
-                                if (effect.entry.userId) {
-                                    logs.push(effect.entry);
-                                }
-                                break;
-                            case LogScope.SYSTEM:
-                            default:
-                                logs.push(effect.entry);
-                                break;
-                        }
+                        addLog(effect.entry.text, effect.entry);
                         break;
                     case 'schedule:override':
                         nextTurnAtOverride = effect.nextTurnAt;
@@ -378,16 +299,7 @@ export const resolveGeneralAction = <
                     case 'general:patch':
                     case 'city:patch':
                     case 'nation:patch':
-                        applyEffectToDraft(draft, effect, {
-                            generalId: context.general.id,
-                            ...(context.city?.id !== undefined
-                                ? { cityId: context.city.id }
-                                : {}),
-                            ...(context.nation?.id !== undefined
-                                ? { nationId: context.nation.id }
-                                : {}),
-                        });
-                        // 타겟이 다른 경우 patches에 추가 (applyEffectToDraft에서 처리되지 않은 경우)
+                        // 타겟이 다른 경우 patches에 추가
                         if (
                             effect.type === 'general:patch' &&
                             effect.targetId !== undefined &&
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_거병.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_거병.ts
index bd64de1..b37059c 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_거병.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_거병.ts
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ import type {
     GeneralActionOutcome,
     GeneralActionResolveContext,
 } from '../../engine.js';
-import { createGeneralPatchEffect, createLogEffect } from '../../engine.js';
-import { LogCategory, LogFormat, LogScope } from '../../../logging/types.js';
+import { LogCategory, LogFormat } from '../../../logging/types.js';
 import type { TurnCommandEnv } from '../commandEnv.js';
 import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
 
@@ -35,24 +34,19 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
         _args: UprisingArgs
     ): GeneralActionOutcome<TriggerState> {
         const general = context.general;
-        const meta = {
-            ...general.meta,
+
+        // 직접 수정 (Immer Draft)
+        general.meta = {
+            ...general.meta as object,
             uprising: true as TriggerValue,
         };
 
-        return {
-            effects: [
-                createGeneralPatchEffect<TriggerState>(
-                    { meta } as Partial<typeof general>,
-                    general.id
-                ),
-                createLogEffect(`${ACTION_NAME}을 준비했습니다.`, {
-                    scope: LogScope.GENERAL,
-                    category: LogCategory.ACTION,
-                    format: LogFormat.MONTH,
-                }),
-            ],
-        };
+        context.addLog(`${ACTION_NAME}을 준비했습니다.`, {
+            category: LogCategory.ACTION,
+            format: LogFormat.MONTH,
+        });
+
+        return { effects: [] };
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_건국.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_건국.ts
index ac62300..e9585cf 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_건국.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_건국.ts
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ import type {
     GeneralActionOutcome,
     GeneralActionResolveContext,
 } from '../../engine.js';
-import { createGeneralPatchEffect, createLogEffect } from '../../engine.js';
-import { LogCategory, LogFormat, LogScope } from '../../../logging/types.js';
+import { LogCategory, LogFormat } from '../../../logging/types.js';
 import type { TurnCommandEnv } from '../commandEnv.js';
 import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
 
@@ -35,24 +34,19 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
         _args: FoundingArgs
     ): GeneralActionOutcome<TriggerState> {
         const general = context.general;
-        const meta = {
-            ...general.meta,
+
+        // 직접 수정 (Immer Draft)
+        general.meta = {
+            ...general.meta as object,
             founding: true as TriggerValue,
         };
 
-        return {
-            effects: [
-                createGeneralPatchEffect<TriggerState>(
-                    { meta } as Partial<typeof general>,
-                    general.id
-                ),
-                createLogEffect(`${ACTION_NAME}을 준비했습니다.`, {
-                    scope: LogScope.GENERAL,
-                    category: LogCategory.ACTION,
-                    format: LogFormat.MONTH,
-                }),
-            ],
-        };
+        context.addLog(`${ACTION_NAME}을 준비했습니다.`, {
+            category: LogCategory.ACTION,
+            format: LogFormat.MONTH,
+        });
+
+        return { effects: [] };
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_기술연구.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_기술연구.ts
index bdd969f..344acc5 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_기술연구.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_기술연구.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import type {
-    General,
     GeneralTriggerState,
     Nation,
 } from '../../../domain/entities.js';
@@ -20,12 +19,6 @@ import type {
     GeneralActionOutcome,
     GeneralActionResolveContext,
 } from '../../engine.js';
-import {
-    createGeneralPatchEffect,
-    createLogEffect,
-    createNationPatchEffect,
-} from '../../engine.js';
-import { LogCategory, LogFormat, LogScope } from '../../../logging/types.js';
 import type { TurnCommandEnv } from '../commandEnv.js';
 import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
 
@@ -84,17 +77,10 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
         _args: TechResearchArgs
     ): GeneralActionOutcome<TriggerState> {
         const general = context.general;
-        const nation = context.nation ?? null;
+        const nation = context.nation;
         if (!nation) {
-            return {
-                effects: [
-                    createLogEffect('국가 정보를 찾지 못했습니다.', {
-                        scope: LogScope.GENERAL,
-                        category: LogCategory.ACTION,
-                        format: LogFormat.MONTH,
-                    }),
-                ],
-            };
+            context.addLog('국가 정보를 찾지 못했습니다.');
+            return { effects: [] };
         }
 
         const delta = this.env.techDelta ?? DEFAULT_TECH_DELTA;
@@ -107,26 +93,14 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
         const nextTech = Math.min(currentTech + delta, maxTech);
         const applied = nextTech - currentTech;
         const costGold = this.env.costGold ?? 0;
-        const generalPatch: Partial<General<TriggerState>> = {
-            gold: Math.max(0, general.gold - costGold),
-        };
 
-        return {
-            effects: [
-                createNationPatchEffect(
-                    {
-                        meta: { ...nation.meta, tech: nextTech },
-                    } as Partial<Nation>,
-                    nation.id
-                ),
-                createGeneralPatchEffect<TriggerState>(generalPatch, general.id),
-                createLogEffect(`${ACTION_NAME}로 기술이 ${applied} 상승했습니다.`, {
-                    scope: LogScope.GENERAL,
-                    category: LogCategory.ACTION,
-                    format: LogFormat.MONTH,
-                }),
-            ],
-        };
+        // 직접 수정 (Immer Draft)
+        nation.meta = { ...nation.meta, tech: nextTech };
+        general.gold = Math.max(0, general.gold - costGold);
+
+        context.addLog(`${ACTION_NAME}로 기술이 ${applied} 상승했습니다.`);
+
+        return { effects: [] };
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_사기진작.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_사기진작.ts
index 47a2316..9ab3178 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_사기진작.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_사기진작.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import type {
-    General,
     GeneralTriggerState,
 } from '../../../domain/entities.js';
 import type {
@@ -13,8 +12,6 @@ import type {
     GeneralActionOutcome,
     GeneralActionResolveContext,
 } from '../../engine.js';
-import { createGeneralPatchEffect, createLogEffect } from '../../engine.js';
-import { LogCategory, LogFormat, LogScope } from '../../../logging/types.js';
 import type { TurnCommandEnv } from '../commandEnv.js';
 import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
 
@@ -74,21 +71,14 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
         const nextAtmos = clamp(general.atmos + delta, 0, maxAtmos);
         const applied = nextAtmos - general.atmos;
         const costGold = this.env.costGold ?? 0;
-        const patch: Partial<General<TriggerState>> = {
-            atmos: nextAtmos,
-            gold: Math.max(0, general.gold - costGold),
-        };
 
-        return {
-            effects: [
-                createGeneralPatchEffect<TriggerState>(patch, general.id),
-                createLogEffect(`${ACTION_NAME}로 사기가 ${applied} 증가했습니다.`, {
-                    scope: LogScope.GENERAL,
-                    category: LogCategory.ACTION,
-                    format: LogFormat.MONTH,
-                }),
-            ],
-        };
+        // 직접 수정 (Immer Draft)
+        general.atmos = nextAtmos;
+        general.gold = Math.max(0, general.gold - costGold);
+
+        context.addLog(`${ACTION_NAME}로 사기가 ${applied} 증가했습니다.`);
+
+        return { effects: [] };
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_상업투자.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_상업투자.ts
index 7d4db38..2e406b9 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_상업투자.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_상업투자.ts
@@ -30,12 +30,6 @@ import type {
     GeneralActionOutcome,
     GeneralActionResolver,
     GeneralActionResolveContext,
-    GeneralActionEffect,
-} from '../../engine.js';
-import {
-    createCityPatchEffect,
-    createGeneralPatchEffect,
-    createLogEffect,
 } from '../../engine.js';
 import type { TurnCommandEnv } from '../commandEnv.js';
 import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
@@ -335,36 +329,24 @@ export class ActionResolver<
             context.rng
         );
 
-        const updatedCommerce = clamp(
+        // 직접 수정 (Immer Draft)
+        city.commerce = clamp(
             city.commerce + result.score,
             0,
             city.commerceMax
         );
 
-        const nextGold = Math.max(0, general.gold - result.costGold);
-        const nextRice = Math.max(0, general.rice - result.costRice);
-        const nextExperience = general.experience + result.exp;
-        const nextDedication = general.dedication + result.dedication;
+        general.gold = Math.max(0, general.gold - result.costGold);
+        general.rice = Math.max(0, general.rice - result.costRice);
+        general.experience += result.exp;
+        general.dedication += result.dedication;
 
         const metaWithStatExp = addMetaNumber(general.meta, STAT_EXP_KEY, 1);
-        const metaUpdated =
+        general.meta =
             result.pick === 'success'
                 ? { ...metaWithStatExp, max_domestic_critical: result.score }
                 : { ...metaWithStatExp, max_domestic_critical: 0 };
 
-        const effects: Array<GeneralActionEffect<TriggerState>> = [
-            createCityPatchEffect({
-                [CITY_KEY]: updatedCommerce,
-            } as Partial<City>),
-            createGeneralPatchEffect({
-                gold: nextGold,
-                rice: nextRice,
-                experience: nextExperience,
-                dedication: nextDedication,
-                meta: metaUpdated,
-            }),
-        ];
-
         const pickLabel =
             result.pick === 'success'
                 ? '성공'
@@ -372,9 +354,9 @@ export class ActionResolver<
                     ? '실패'
                     : '완료';
         const logMessage = `${ACTION_NAME} ${pickLabel}: +${Math.round(result.score)}`;
-        effects.push(createLogEffect(logMessage));
+        context.addLog(logMessage);
 
-        return { effects };
+        return { effects: [] };
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_요양.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_요양.ts
index 13f2cad..fb6ece4 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_요양.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_요양.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import type {
-    General,
     GeneralTriggerState,
 } from '../../../domain/entities.js';
 import type {
@@ -13,8 +12,6 @@ import type {
     GeneralActionOutcome,
     GeneralActionResolveContext,
 } from '../../engine.js';
-import { createGeneralPatchEffect, createLogEffect } from '../../engine.js';
-import { LogCategory, LogFormat, LogScope } from '../../../logging/types.js';
 import type { TurnCommandEnv } from '../commandEnv.js';
 import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
 
@@ -62,21 +59,14 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
         const nextInjury = Math.max(0, general.injury - delta);
         const applied = general.injury - nextInjury;
         const costGold = this.env.costGold ?? 0;
-        const patch: Partial<General<TriggerState>> = {
-            injury: nextInjury,
-            gold: Math.max(0, general.gold - costGold),
-        };
 
-        return {
-            effects: [
-                createGeneralPatchEffect<TriggerState>(patch, general.id),
-                createLogEffect(`${ACTION_NAME}으로 부상이 ${applied} 회복되었습니다.`, {
-                    scope: LogScope.GENERAL,
-                    category: LogCategory.ACTION,
-                    format: LogFormat.MONTH,
-                }),
-            ],
-        };
+        // 직접 수정 (Immer Draft)
+        general.injury = nextInjury;
+        general.gold = Math.max(0, general.gold - costGold);
+
+        context.addLog(`${ACTION_NAME}으로 부상이 ${applied} 회복되었습니다.`);
+
+        return { effects: [] };
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_의병모집.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_의병모집.ts
index d78eb3b..b324ff5 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_의병모집.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_의병모집.ts
@@ -27,9 +27,6 @@ import type {
 } from '../../engine.js';
 import {
     createGeneralAddEffect,
-    createGeneralPatchEffect,
-    createLogEffect,
-    createNationPatchEffect,
 } from '../../engine.js';
 import { LogCategory, LogFormat, LogScope } from '../../../logging/types.js';
 import { buildRecruitmentGeneral } from './recruitment.js';
@@ -250,47 +247,34 @@ export class ActionResolver<
         _args: VolunteerRecruitArgs
     ): GeneralActionOutcome<TriggerState> {
         void _args;
-        const effects: Array<GeneralActionEffect<TriggerState>> = [];
-        const nation = context.nation ?? null;
+        const general = context.general;
+        const nation = context.nation;
 
         const expGain = 5 * (DEFAULT_PRE_TURN + 1);
         const dedGain = 5 * (DEFAULT_PRE_TURN + 1);
-        effects.push(
-            createGeneralPatchEffect({
-                experience: context.general.experience + expGain,
-                dedication: context.general.dedication + dedGain,
-            })
-        );
 
-        effects.push(
-            createLogEffect(`${ACTION_NAME} 발동!`, {
-                scope: LogScope.GENERAL,
-                category: LogCategory.ACTION,
-                format: LogFormat.MONTH,
-            })
-        );
-        effects.push(
-            createLogEffect(`${ACTION_NAME} 발동`, {
-                scope: LogScope.GENERAL,
-                category: LogCategory.HISTORY,
-                format: LogFormat.YEAR_MONTH,
-            })
-        );
+        // 직접 수정 (Immer Draft)
+        general.experience += expGain;
+        general.dedication += dedGain;
 
-        if (nation?.id) {
-            const generalName = context.general.name;
+        context.addLog(`${ACTION_NAME} 발동!`);
+        context.addLog(`${ACTION_NAME} 발동`, {
+            category: LogCategory.HISTORY,
+            format: LogFormat.YEAR_MONTH,
+        });
+
+        if (nation) {
+            const generalName = general.name;
             const generalJosa = JosaUtil.pick(generalName, '이');
             const actionJosa = JosaUtil.pick(ACTION_NAME, '을');
-            effects.push(
-                createLogEffect(
-                    `<Y>${generalName}</>${generalJosa} <M>${ACTION_NAME}</>${actionJosa} 발동했습니다.`,
-                    {
-                        scope: LogScope.NATION,
-                        category: LogCategory.HISTORY,
-                        nationId: nation.id,
-                        format: LogFormat.YEAR_MONTH,
-                    }
-                )
+            context.addLog(
+                `<Y>${generalName}</>${generalJosa} <M>${ACTION_NAME}</>${actionJosa} 발동했습니다.`,
+                {
+                    scope: LogScope.NATION,
+                    category: LogCategory.HISTORY,
+                    nationId: nation.id,
+                    format: LogFormat.YEAR_MONTH,
+                }
             );
         }
 
@@ -310,16 +294,15 @@ export class ActionResolver<
         const globalDelay = this.command.getGlobalDelay(context);
 
         if (nation) {
-            effects.push(
-                createNationPatchEffect({
-                    meta: {
-                        gennum: nextGennum,
-                        strategic_cmd_limit: globalDelay,
-                    },
-                }, nation.id)
-            );
+            nation.meta = {
+                ...nation.meta as object,
+                gennum: nextGennum,
+                strategic_cmd_limit: globalDelay,
+            };
         }
 
+        const effects: Array<GeneralActionEffect<TriggerState>> = [];
+
         const baseAge = this.env.npcAge ?? DEFAULT_NPC_AGE;
         const deathYears = this.env.npcDeathYears ?? DEFAULT_NPC_DEATH_YEARS;
         const killTurnMin = this.env.killTurnMin ?? DEFAULT_KILLTURN_MIN;
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_인재탐색.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_인재탐색.ts
index f336efa..03c954e 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_인재탐색.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_인재탐색.ts
@@ -20,14 +20,11 @@ import {
 } from '../../../triggers/general-action.js';
 import type { GeneralActionDefinition } from '../../definition.js';
 import type {
-    GeneralActionEffect,
     GeneralActionOutcome,
     GeneralActionResolveContext,
 } from '../../engine.js';
 import {
     createGeneralAddEffect,
-    createGeneralPatchEffect,
-    createLogEffect,
 } from '../../engine.js';
 import { LogCategory, LogFormat, LogScope } from '../../../logging/types.js';
 import { buildRecruitmentGeneral } from './recruitment.js';
@@ -301,40 +298,35 @@ export class ActionResolver<
         _args: TalentScoutArgs
     ): GeneralActionOutcome<TriggerState> {
         void _args;
+        const general = context.general;
         const { gold: reqGold, rice: reqRice } = this.command.getCost();
         const prop = this.command.calcFoundProp(context);
         const found = context.rng.nextBool(prop);
 
-        const statKey = pickStatExpKey(context.rng, context.general);
+        const statKey = pickStatExpKey(context.rng, general);
         const metaAfter =
             found
-                ? addMetaNumber(context.general.meta, statKey, 3)
-                : addMetaNumber(context.general.meta, statKey, 1);
+                ? addMetaNumber(general.meta, statKey, 3)
+                : addMetaNumber(general.meta, statKey, 1);
 
-        const nextGold = Math.max(0, context.general.gold - reqGold);
-        const nextRice = Math.max(0, context.general.rice - reqRice);
+        const nextGold = Math.max(0, general.gold - reqGold);
+        const nextRice = Math.max(0, general.rice - reqRice);
         const expGain = found ? 200 : 100;
         const dedGain = found ? 300 : 70;
 
-        const effects: Array<GeneralActionEffect<TriggerState>> = [
-            createGeneralPatchEffect({
-                gold: nextGold,
-                rice: nextRice,
-                experience: context.general.experience + expGain,
-                dedication: context.general.dedication + dedGain,
-                meta: metaAfter,
-            }),
-        ];
+        // 직접 수정 (Immer Draft)
+        general.gold = nextGold;
+        general.rice = nextRice;
+        general.experience += expGain;
+        general.dedication += dedGain;
+        general.meta = metaAfter;
 
         if (!found) {
-            effects.push(
-                createLogEffect('인재를 찾을 수 없었습니다.', {
-                    scope: LogScope.GENERAL,
-                    category: LogCategory.ACTION,
-                    format: LogFormat.MONTH,
-                })
-            );
-            return { effects };
+            context.addLog('인재를 찾을 수 없었습니다.', {
+                category: LogCategory.ACTION,
+                format: LogFormat.MONTH,
+            });
+            return { effects: [] };
         }
 
         const candidate = resolveCandidate(context, context.rng, this.env);
@@ -396,32 +388,25 @@ export class ActionResolver<
             meta,
         });
 
-        effects.push(createGeneralAddEffect(newGeneral));
         const nameObjJosa = JosaUtil.pick(name, '을');
         const nameSubjJosa = JosaUtil.pick(name, '이');
-        effects.push(
-            createLogEffect(`인재 <Y>${name}</>${nameObjJosa} 발견했습니다.`, {
-                scope: LogScope.GENERAL,
-                category: LogCategory.ACTION,
-                format: LogFormat.MONTH,
-            })
-        );
-        effects.push(
-            createLogEffect(`인재 <Y>${name}</>${nameSubjJosa} 등장했습니다.`, {
-                scope: LogScope.SYSTEM,
-                category: LogCategory.SUMMARY,
-                format: LogFormat.MONTH,
-            })
-        );
-        effects.push(
-            createLogEffect(`인재 <Y>${name}</>${nameObjJosa} 발견했습니다.`, {
-                scope: LogScope.GENERAL,
-                category: LogCategory.HISTORY,
-                format: LogFormat.YEAR_MONTH,
-            })
-        );
+        context.addLog(`인재 <Y>${name}</>${nameObjJosa} 발견했습니다.`, {
+            category: LogCategory.ACTION,
+            format: LogFormat.MONTH,
+        });
+        context.addLog(`인재 <Y>${name}</>${nameSubjJosa} 등장했습니다.`, {
+            scope: LogScope.SYSTEM,
+            category: LogCategory.SUMMARY,
+            format: LogFormat.MONTH,
+        });
+        context.addLog(`인재 <Y>${name}</>${nameObjJosa} 발견했습니다.`, {
+            category: LogCategory.HISTORY,
+            format: LogFormat.YEAR_MONTH,
+        });
 
-        return { effects };
+        return {
+            effects: [createGeneralAddEffect(newGeneral)],
+        };
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_임관.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_임관.ts
index c460683..3055893 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_임관.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_임관.ts
@@ -9,8 +9,7 @@ import type {
     GeneralActionOutcome,
     GeneralActionResolveContext,
 } from '../../engine.js';
-import { createLogEffect } from '../../engine.js';
-import { LogCategory, LogFormat, LogScope } from '../../../logging/types.js';
+import { LogCategory, LogFormat } from '../../../logging/types.js';
 import type { TurnCommandEnv } from '../commandEnv.js';
 import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
 
@@ -47,22 +46,17 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
     }
 
     resolve(
-        _context: GeneralActionResolveContext<TriggerState>,
+        context: GeneralActionResolveContext<TriggerState>,
         args: AppointmentArgs
     ): GeneralActionOutcome<TriggerState> {
-        void _context;
-        return {
-            effects: [
-                createLogEffect(
-                    `${ACTION_NAME}을 신청했습니다. (국가 ${args.destNationId})`,
-                    {
-                        scope: LogScope.GENERAL,
-                        category: LogCategory.ACTION,
-                        format: LogFormat.MONTH,
-                    }
-                ),
-            ],
-        };
+        context.addLog(
+            `${ACTION_NAME}을 신청했습니다. (국가 ${args.destNationId})`,
+            {
+                category: LogCategory.ACTION,
+                format: LogFormat.MONTH,
+            }
+        );
+        return { effects: [] };
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_징병.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_징병.ts
index 219a817..2237919 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_징병.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_징병.ts
@@ -26,15 +26,9 @@ import {
 } from '../../../triggers/general-action.js';
 import type { GeneralActionDefinition } from '../../definition.js';
 import type {
-    GeneralActionEffect,
     GeneralActionOutcome,
     GeneralActionResolveContext,
 } from '../../engine.js';
-import {
-    createCityPatchEffect,
-    createGeneralPatchEffect,
-    createLogEffect,
-} from '../../engine.js';
 import type { MapDefinition, UnitSetDefinition } from '../../../world/types.js';
 import type { TurnCommandEnv } from '../commandEnv.js';
 import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
@@ -351,16 +345,14 @@ export class ActionResolver<
     ): GeneralActionOutcome<TriggerState> {
         const { general, city } = context;
         if (!city) {
-            return {
-                effects: [createLogEffect('도시 정보가 없습니다.')],
-            };
+            context.addLog('도시 정보가 없습니다.');
+            return { effects: [] };
         }
 
         const crewType = findCrewTypeById(context.unitSet, args.crewType);
         if (!crewType) {
-            return {
-                effects: [createLogEffect('병종 정보가 없습니다.')],
-            };
+            context.addLog('병종 정보가 없습니다.');
+            return { effects: [] };
         }
 
         const availabilityContext: CrewTypeAvailabilityContext = {
@@ -376,9 +368,8 @@ export class ActionResolver<
             availabilityContext.startYear = context.startYear;
         }
         if (!isCrewTypeAvailable(context.unitSet, crewType.id, availabilityContext)) {
-            return {
-                effects: [createLogEffect('현재 선택할 수 없는 병종입니다.')],
-            };
+            context.addLog('현재 선택할 수 없는 병종입니다.');
+            return { effects: [] };
         }
 
         const plan = this.command.getCost(
@@ -435,30 +426,26 @@ export class ActionResolver<
         const expGain = Math.round(appliedCrew / 100);
         const dedGain = Math.round(appliedCrew / 100);
 
-        const metaUpdated = addMetaNumber(general.meta, 'leadership_exp', 1);
+        // 직접 수정 (Immer Draft)
+        city.population = nextPopulation;
+        city.meta = {
+            ...city.meta as object,
+            trust: nextTrust,
+        };
 
-        const effects: Array<GeneralActionEffect<TriggerState>> = [
-            createCityPatchEffect({
-                population: nextPopulation,
-                meta: {
-                    trust: nextTrust,
-                },
-            }),
-            createGeneralPatchEffect({
-                crewTypeId: nextCrewTypeId,
-                crew: nextCrew,
-                train: nextTrain,
-                atmos: nextAtmos,
-                gold: nextGold,
-                rice: nextRice,
-                experience: general.experience + expGain,
-                dedication: general.dedication + dedGain,
-                meta: metaUpdated,
-            }),
-            createLogEffect(logMessage),
-        ];
+        general.crewTypeId = nextCrewTypeId;
+        general.crew = nextCrew;
+        general.train = nextTrain;
+        general.atmos = nextAtmos;
+        general.gold = nextGold;
+        general.rice = nextRice;
+        general.experience += expGain;
+        general.dedication += dedGain;
+        general.meta = addMetaNumber(general.meta, 'leadership_exp', 1);
 
-        return { effects };
+        context.addLog(logMessage);
+
+        return { effects: [] };
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_출병.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_출병.ts
index 8c66d71..f93eba3 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_출병.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_출병.ts
@@ -12,8 +12,7 @@ import type {
     GeneralActionOutcome,
     GeneralActionResolveContext,
 } from '../../engine.js';
-import { createLogEffect } from '../../engine.js';
-import { LogCategory, LogFormat, LogScope } from '../../../logging/types.js';
+import { LogCategory, LogFormat } from '../../../logging/types.js';
 import type { TurnCommandEnv } from '../commandEnv.js';
 import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
 
@@ -56,19 +55,14 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
     }
 
     resolve(
-        _context: GeneralActionResolveContext<TriggerState>,
+        context: GeneralActionResolveContext<TriggerState>,
         args: DispatchArgs
     ): GeneralActionOutcome<TriggerState> {
-        void _context;
-        return {
-            effects: [
-                createLogEffect(`${ACTION_NAME}을 준비했습니다. (목표 도시 ${args.destCityId})`, {
-                    scope: LogScope.GENERAL,
-                    category: LogCategory.ACTION,
-                    format: LogFormat.MONTH,
-                }),
-            ],
-        };
+        context.addLog(`${ACTION_NAME}을 준비했습니다. (목표 도시 ${args.destCityId})`, {
+            category: LogCategory.ACTION,
+            format: LogFormat.MONTH,
+        });
+        return { effects: [] };
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_화계.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_화계.ts
index c1271b2..c89b5d9 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_화계.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_화계.ts
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ import type {
 import {
     createCityPatchEffect,
     createGeneralPatchEffect,
-    createLogEffect,
 } from '../../engine.js';
 import { LogCategory, LogFormat, LogScope } from '../../../logging/types.js';
 import type { TurnCommandEnv } from '../commandEnv.js';
@@ -332,6 +331,7 @@ export class ActionResolver<
         _args: FireAttackArgs
     ): GeneralActionOutcome<TriggerState> {
         void _args;
+        const general = context.general;
         const city = context.city;
         if (!city) {
             throw new Error('Fire attack requires a city context.');
@@ -351,13 +351,13 @@ export class ActionResolver<
 
         const effects: Array<GeneralActionEffect<TriggerState>> = [];
 
-        const nextGold = Math.max(0, context.general.gold - result.costGold);
-        const nextRice = Math.max(0, context.general.rice - result.costRice);
-        const nextExperience = context.general.experience + result.exp;
-        const nextDedication = context.general.dedication + result.dedication;
+        const nextGold = Math.max(0, general.gold - result.costGold);
+        const nextRice = Math.max(0, general.rice - result.costRice);
+        const nextExperience = general.experience + result.exp;
+        const nextDedication = general.dedication + result.dedication;
 
         const metaWithStatExp = addMetaNumber(
-            context.general.meta,
+            general.meta,
             STAT_EXP_KEY,
             1
         );
@@ -365,26 +365,21 @@ export class ActionResolver<
             ? addMetaNumber(metaWithStatExp, 'firenum', 1)
             : metaWithStatExp;
 
-        effects.push(
-            createGeneralPatchEffect({
-                gold: nextGold,
-                rice: nextRice,
-                experience: nextExperience,
-                dedication: nextDedication,
-                meta: metaUpdated,
-            })
-        );
+        // 직접 수정 (Immer Draft)
+        general.gold = nextGold;
+        general.rice = nextRice;
+        general.experience = nextExperience;
+        general.dedication = nextDedication;
+        general.meta = metaUpdated;
 
         if (!result.success) {
-            effects.push(
-                createLogEffect(
-                    `<G><b>${context.destCity.name}</b></>에 ${ACTION_NAME} 실패했습니다.`,
-                    {
-                        format: LogFormat.MONTH,
-                    }
-                )
+            context.addLog(
+                `<G><b>${context.destCity.name}</b></>에 ${ACTION_NAME} 실패했습니다.`,
+                {
+                    format: LogFormat.MONTH,
+                }
             );
-            return { effects };
+            return { effects: [] };
         }
 
         const updatedCityMeta: Record<string, TriggerValue> = {
@@ -392,6 +387,7 @@ export class ActionResolver<
             state: CITY_STATE_BURNING,
         };
 
+        // 타겟 도시는 Draft가 아니므로 Effect 반환
         effects.push(
             createCityPatchEffect(
                 {
@@ -403,45 +399,38 @@ export class ActionResolver<
             )
         );
 
-        effects.push(
-            createLogEffect(
-                `<G><b>${context.destCity.name}</b></>이 불타고 있습니다.`,
-                {
-                    scope: LogScope.SYSTEM,
-                    category: LogCategory.SUMMARY,
-                    format: LogFormat.MONTH,
-                }
-            )
+        context.addLog(
+            `<G><b>${context.destCity.name}</b></>이 불타고 있습니다.`,
+            {
+                scope: LogScope.SYSTEM,
+                category: LogCategory.SUMMARY,
+                format: LogFormat.MONTH,
+            }
         );
-        effects.push(
-            createLogEffect(
-                `<G><b>${context.destCity.name}</b></>에 ${ACTION_NAME} 성공했습니다.`,
-                {
-                    format: LogFormat.MONTH,
-                }
-            )
+        context.addLog(
+            `<G><b>${context.destCity.name}</b></>에 ${ACTION_NAME} 성공했습니다.`,
+            {
+                format: LogFormat.MONTH,
+            }
         );
-        effects.push(
-            createLogEffect(
-                `도시의 농업이 <C>${result.agriDamage}</>, 상업이 <C>${result.commDamage}</>만큼 감소하고, 장수 <C>${result.injuryCount}</>명이 부상 당했습니다.`,
-                {
-                    format: LogFormat.PLAIN,
-                }
-            )
+        context.addLog(
+            `도시의 농업이 <C>${result.agriDamage}</>, 상업이 <C>${result.commDamage}</>만큼 감소하고, 장수 <C>${result.injuryCount}</>명이 부상 당했습니다.`,
+            {
+                format: LogFormat.PLAIN,
+            }
         );
 
         for (const injured of result.injuredGenerals) {
+            // 타겟 장수는 Draft가 아니므로 Effect 반환
             effects.push(
                 createGeneralPatchEffect(injured.patch, injured.id)
             );
-            effects.push(
-                createLogEffect(
-                    `<M>${ACTION_KEY}</>로 인해 <R>부상</>을 당했습니다.`,
-                    {
-                        generalId: injured.id,
-                        format: LogFormat.MONTH,
-                    }
-                )
+            context.addLog(
+                `<M>${ACTION_KEY}</>로 인해 <R>부상</>을 당했습니다.`,
+                {
+                    generalId: injured.id,
+                    format: LogFormat.MONTH,
+                }
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_훈련.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_훈련.ts
index 460f10e..96aaf9a 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_훈련.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_훈련.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import type {
-    General,
     GeneralTriggerState,
 } from '../../../domain/entities.js';
 import type {
@@ -13,8 +12,6 @@ import type {
     GeneralActionOutcome,
     GeneralActionResolveContext,
 } from '../../engine.js';
-import { createGeneralPatchEffect, createLogEffect } from '../../engine.js';
-import { LogCategory, LogFormat, LogScope } from '../../../logging/types.js';
 import type { TurnCommandEnv } from '../commandEnv.js';
 import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
 
@@ -74,21 +71,14 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
         const nextTrain = clamp(general.train + delta, 0, maxTrain);
         const applied = nextTrain - general.train;
         const costGold = this.env.costGold ?? 0;
-        const patch: Partial<General<TriggerState>> = {
-            train: nextTrain,
-            gold: Math.max(0, general.gold - costGold),
-        };
 
-        return {
-            effects: [
-                createGeneralPatchEffect<TriggerState>(patch, general.id),
-                createLogEffect(`${ACTION_NAME}을 통해 훈련도가 ${applied} 증가했습니다.`, {
-                    scope: LogScope.GENERAL,
-                    category: LogCategory.ACTION,
-                    format: LogFormat.MONTH,
-                }),
-            ],
-        };
+        // 직접 수정 (Immer Draft)
+        general.train = nextTrain;
+        general.gold = Math.max(0, general.gold - costGold);
+
+        context.addLog(`${ACTION_NAME}을 통해 훈련도가 ${applied} 증가했습니다.`);
+
+        return { effects: [] };
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/cityDevelopment.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/cityDevelopment.ts
index 5c69b8d..fdbfa81 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/cityDevelopment.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/cityDevelopment.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import type {
     City,
-    General,
     GeneralTriggerState,
 } from '../../../domain/entities.js';
 import type {
@@ -21,12 +20,6 @@ import type {
     GeneralActionOutcome,
     GeneralActionResolveContext,
 } from '../../engine.js';
-import {
-    createCityPatchEffect,
-    createGeneralPatchEffect,
-    createLogEffect,
-} from '../../engine.js';
-import { LogCategory, LogFormat, LogScope } from '../../../logging/types.js';
 
 export interface CityDevelopmentArgs {}
 
@@ -98,53 +91,28 @@ export class CityDevelopmentActionDefinition<
         const general = context.general;
         const city = context.city;
         if (!city) {
-            return {
-                effects: [
-                    createLogEffect('도시 정보를 찾지 못했습니다.', {
-                        scope: LogScope.GENERAL,
-                        category: LogCategory.ACTION,
-                        format: LogFormat.MONTH,
-                    }),
-                ],
-            };
+            context.addLog('도시 정보를 찾지 못했습니다.');
+            return { effects: [] };
         }
 
         const baseAmount = this.env.amount ?? this.config.baseAmount;
         const current = readNumber(city[this.config.statKey]);
         const max = readNumber(city[this.config.maxKey]);
         if (current === null || max === null) {
-            return {
-                effects: [
-                    createLogEffect('도시 정보를 찾지 못했습니다.', {
-                        scope: LogScope.GENERAL,
-                        category: LogCategory.ACTION,
-                        format: LogFormat.MONTH,
-                    }),
-                ],
-            };
+            context.addLog('도시 정보를 찾지 못했습니다.');
+            return { effects: [] };
         }
 
         const nextValue = clamp(current + baseAmount, 0, max);
         const costGold = this.env.develCost ?? 0;
-        const generalPatch: Partial<General<TriggerState>> = {
-            gold: Math.max(0, general.gold - costGold),
-        };
+
+        // 직접 수정 (Immer Draft)
+        (city as any)[this.config.statKey] = nextValue;
+        general.gold = Math.max(0, general.gold - costGold);
 
         const logMessage = `${this.config.label}이 ${nextValue - current} 증가했습니다.`;
+        context.addLog(logMessage);
 
-        return {
-            effects: [
-                createCityPatchEffect(
-                    { [this.config.statKey]: nextValue } as Partial<City>,
-                    city.id
-                ),
-                createGeneralPatchEffect<TriggerState>(generalPatch, general.id),
-                createLogEffect(logMessage, {
-                    scope: LogScope.GENERAL,
-                    category: LogCategory.ACTION,
-                    format: LogFormat.MONTH,
-                }),
-            ],
-        };
+        return { effects: [] };
     }
 }
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/휴식.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/휴식.ts
index 1e7b35d..821f733 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/휴식.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/휴식.ts
@@ -10,8 +10,7 @@ import type {
     GeneralActionOutcome,
     GeneralActionResolveContext,
 } from '../../engine.js';
-import { createLogEffect } from '../../engine.js';
-import { LogCategory, LogFormat, LogScope } from '../../../logging/types.js';
+import { LogCategory, LogFormat } from '../../../logging/types.js';
 import type { TurnCommandEnv } from '../commandEnv.js';
 import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
 
@@ -23,20 +22,14 @@ export class ActionResolver<
     TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = GeneralTriggerState
 > {
     resolve(
-        _context: GeneralActionResolveContext<TriggerState>,
+        context: GeneralActionResolveContext<TriggerState>,
         _args: RestArgs
     ): GeneralActionOutcome<TriggerState> {
-        void _context;
-        void _args;
-        return {
-            effects: [
-                createLogEffect('아무것도 실행하지 않았습니다.', {
-                    scope: LogScope.GENERAL,
-                    category: LogCategory.ACTION,
-                    format: LogFormat.MONTH,
-                }),
-            ],
-        };
+        context.addLog('아무것도 실행하지 않았습니다.', {
+            category: LogCategory.ACTION,
+            format: LogFormat.MONTH,
+        });
+        return { effects: [] };
     }
 }