diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/inMemoryWorld.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/inMemoryWorld.ts
index 16f2ce2..26bf7da 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/inMemoryWorld.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/inMemoryWorld.ts
@@ -1035,7 +1035,7 @@ export class InMemoryTurnWorld {
         // nation. Without this, a later conquest can award a city to a
         // nation ID that no longer exists.
         for (const city of this.cities.values()) {
-            const rawConflict = city.meta.conflict;
+            const rawConflict = city.conflict;
             if (rawConflict === null || rawConflict === undefined) {
                 continue;
             }
@@ -1056,10 +1056,7 @@ export class InMemoryTurnWorld {
             delete conflict[key];
             this.cities.set(city.id, {
                 ...city,
-                meta: {
-                    ...city.meta,
-                    conflict: JSON.stringify(conflict),
-                },
+                conflict: conflict as City['conflict'],
             });
             this.dirtyCityIds.add(city.id);
         }
@@ -1073,10 +1070,20 @@ export class InMemoryTurnWorld {
             if (general.nationId !== nationId) {
                 continue;
             }
+            const belong = typeof general.meta.belong === 'number' ? general.meta.belong : 0;
+            const maxBelong = typeof general.meta.max_belong === 'number' ? general.meta.max_belong : 0;
             const updated = applyGeneralPatch(general, {
                 nationId: 0,
                 officerLevel: 0,
                 troopId: 0,
+                meta: {
+                    ...general.meta,
+                    belong: 0,
+                    officer_city: 0,
+                    officerCity: 0,
+                    permission: 'normal',
+                    ...(general.npcState < 2 ? { max_belong: Math.max(belong, maxBelong) } : {}),
+                },
             });
             this.generals.set(general.id, normalizeGeneralTurnTime(updated, this.state.lastTurnTime));
             this.dirtyGeneralIds.add(general.id);
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnHandler.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnHandler.ts
index f00c22c..2b8476e 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnHandler.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnHandler.ts
@@ -129,8 +129,9 @@ const applyLegacyGeneralProgression = (
     const preserveLevel = actionKey === 'che_은퇴' || actionKey === 'che_선양';
     if (!preserveLevel && (forceRefreshLevel || general.experience !== previousGeneral.experience)) {
         const previousExpLevel = readMetaNumber(previousGeneral.meta, 'explevel', 0);
+        const actionResolvedExpLevel = readMetaNumber(general.meta, 'explevel', previousExpLevel);
         meta.explevel = expLevel;
-        if (expLevel !== previousExpLevel) {
+        if (expLevel !== previousExpLevel && actionResolvedExpLevel !== expLevel) {
             const josaRo = JosaUtil.pick(String(expLevel), '로');
             logs.push({
                 scope: LogScope.GENERAL,
@@ -1089,6 +1090,9 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
 
                 const lastTurnBeforeExecution = JSON.stringify(currentGeneral.lastTurn ?? {});
                 const generalBeforeExecution = currentGeneral;
+                const cityNationIdsBeforeExecution = new Map(
+                    (worldView?.listCities() ?? []).map((city) => [city.id, city.nationId] as const)
+                );
                 const resolution = resolveGeneralAction(
                     definition,
                     actionContext,
@@ -1279,9 +1283,14 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
                     }
                 }
 
-                const hasNationChange = (resolution.patches?.cities ?? []).some((patch) =>
-                    Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(patch.patch ?? {}, 'nationId')
-                );
+                const hasNationChange = (resolution.patches?.cities ?? []).some((patch) => {
+                    if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(patch.patch ?? {}, 'nationId')) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    const nextNationId = patch.patch.nationId;
+                    const previousNationId = cityNationIdsBeforeExecution.get(patch.id);
+                    return previousNationId === undefined || nextNationId !== previousNationId;
+                });
                 const refreshesFrontForDiplomacyState =
                     actionKey === 'che_이호경식' &&
                     resolution.effects.some(
diff --git a/app/game-engine/test/nationCollapseOnConquest.test.ts b/app/game-engine/test/nationCollapseOnConquest.test.ts
index 92ee5e5..d9ab627 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/test/nationCollapseOnConquest.test.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/test/nationCollapseOnConquest.test.ts
@@ -87,9 +87,7 @@ describe('도시 점령 시 국가 멸망 처리', () => {
         strongFrontCity.frontState = 1;
         strongFrontCity.supplyState = 1;
         const conflictCity = cities.find((city) => city.id === 3)!;
-        Object.assign(conflictCity.meta, {
-            conflict: JSON.stringify({ 2: 100, 1: 50 }),
-        });
+        conflictCity.conflict = { 2: 100, 1: 50 };
 
         const unitSet: UnitSetDefinition = {
             id: 'test_unit_set',
@@ -170,6 +168,7 @@ describe('도시 점령 시 국가 멸망 처리', () => {
                 gold: 0,
                 rice: 0,
                 turnTime: delayedTurnTime,
+                meta: { killturn: 800, belong: 10 },
             }
         );
         generals.push(weakGeneral);
@@ -264,10 +263,11 @@ describe('도시 점령 시 국가 멸망 처리', () => {
         expect(world.getCityById(weakCityId)?.nationId).toBe(1);
         expect(world.getNationById(2)).toBeNull();
         expect(world.listNations().some((nation) => nation.id === 2)).toBe(false);
-        expect(JSON.parse(String(world.getCityById(conflictCity.id)?.meta.conflict))).toEqual({ 1: 50 });
+        expect(world.getCityById(conflictCity.id)?.conflict).toEqual({ 1: 50 });
 
         const updatedWeakGeneral = world.getGeneralById(weakGeneral.id);
         expect(updatedWeakGeneral?.nationId).toBe(0);
         expect(updatedWeakGeneral?.officerLevel).toBe(0);
+        expect(updatedWeakGeneral?.meta.belong).toBe(0);
     });
 });
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/war/aftermath.ts b/packages/logic/src/war/aftermath.ts
index 106fb41..7ef74cb 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/war/aftermath.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/war/aftermath.ts
@@ -13,10 +13,9 @@ import type {
     WarAftermathTechContext,
     WarDiplomacyDelta,
 } from './types.js';
-import { clamp, clampMin, getMetaNumber, round, simpleSerialize } from './utils.js';
+import { clamp, clampMin, getMetaNumber, parseConflict, round, simpleSerialize } from './utils.js';
 
 const META_DEAD = 'dead';
-const META_CONFLICT = 'conflict';
 const MAX_EXP_LEVEL = 255;
 const MAX_DEDICATION_LEVEL = 30;
 
@@ -120,29 +119,24 @@ const applyNationTechGain = <TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState>(
 };
 
 const resolveConquerNation = (city: City, attackerNationId: number, nations: Nation[]): number => {
-    const rawConflict = city.meta[META_CONFLICT];
-    if (!rawConflict) {
+    const conflict = parseConflict(city.conflict);
+    if (!conflict) {
         return attackerNationId;
     }
-    try {
-        const parsed = JSON.parse(String(rawConflict)) as Record<string, number>;
-        const activeNationIds = new Set(nations.map((nation) => nation.id));
-        const entries = Object.entries(parsed)
-            .map(([key, value]) => [Number(key), value] as const)
-            .filter(
-                ([key, value]) =>
-                    Number.isFinite(key) &&
-                    typeof value === 'number' &&
-                    (key === attackerNationId || activeNationIds.has(key))
-            )
-            .sort(([, lhs], [, rhs]) => rhs - lhs);
-        if (!entries.length) {
-            return attackerNationId;
-        }
-        return entries[0]![0];
-    } catch {
+    const activeNationIds = new Set(nations.map((nation) => nation.id));
+    const entries = Object.entries(conflict)
+        .map(([key, value]) => [Number(key), value] as const)
+        .filter(
+            ([key, value]) =>
+                Number.isFinite(key) &&
+                typeof value === 'number' &&
+                (key === attackerNationId || activeNationIds.has(key))
+        )
+        .sort(([, lhs], [, rhs]) => rhs - lhs);
+    if (!entries.length) {
         return attackerNationId;
     }
+    return entries[0]![0];
 };
 
 const getCityPosition = (city: City): { x: number; y: number } | null => {
@@ -383,7 +377,7 @@ const resolveConquerCity = <TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState>(
     defenderCity.commerce = round(defenderCity.commerce * 0.7);
     defenderCity.security = round(defenderCity.security * 0.7);
     defenderCity.nationId = conquerNationId;
-    defenderCity.meta[META_CONFLICT] = '{}';
+    defenderCity.conflict = {};
 
     if (defenderCity.level > 3) {
         defenderCity.defence = config.defaultCityWall;
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/war/units/city.ts b/packages/logic/src/war/units/city.ts
index 6d7142f..791dd27 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/war/units/city.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/war/units/city.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import type { City, Nation } from '@sammo-ts/logic/domain/entities.js';
 import type { ActionLogger } from '@sammo-ts/logic/logging/actionLogger.js';
 import type { WarEngineConfig } from '../types.js';
 import type { WarCrewType } from '../crewType.js';
-import { clampMin, round, parseConflict, sortConflict, stringifyConflict } from '../utils.js';
+import { clampMin, round, parseConflict, sortConflict } from '../utils.js';
 import { WarUnit } from './base.js';
 
 // 도시 성벽 전투 유닛(legacy WarUnitCity 포팅).
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ export class WarUnitCity extends WarUnit {
     }
 
     public addConflict(): boolean {
-        const raw = this.city.meta.conflict;
+        const raw = this.city.conflict;
         const conflict = parseConflict(raw) ?? {};
         const oppose = this.getOppose();
 
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ export class WarUnitCity extends WarUnit {
         }
 
         const sorted = sortConflict(conflict);
-        this.city.meta.conflict = stringifyConflict(sorted);
+        this.city.conflict = sorted;
 
         return isNew;
     }
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/war/utils.ts b/packages/logic/src/war/utils.ts
index 97abd33..56a3345 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/war/utils.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/war/utils.ts
@@ -55,23 +55,26 @@ export const parseConflict = (raw: TriggerValue | undefined): Record<number, num
     if (raw === undefined || raw === null) {
         return null;
     }
+    let parsed: unknown = raw;
     if (typeof raw === 'string') {
         try {
-            const parsed = JSON.parse(raw) as Record<string, number>;
-            const result: Record<number, number> = {};
-            for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(parsed)) {
-                const id = Number(key);
-                if (!Number.isFinite(id) || typeof value !== 'number') {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                result[id] = value;
-            }
-            return Object.keys(result).length ? result : null;
+            parsed = JSON.parse(raw) as unknown;
         } catch {
             return null;
         }
     }
-    return null;
+    if (typeof parsed !== 'object' || parsed === null || Array.isArray(parsed)) {
+        return null;
+    }
+    const result: Record<number, number> = {};
+    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(parsed)) {
+        const id = Number(key);
+        if (!Number.isFinite(id) || typeof value !== 'number') {
+            continue;
+        }
+        result[id] = value;
+    }
+    return Object.keys(result).length ? result : null;
 };
 
 export const stringifyConflict = (conflict: Record<number, number> | null): string => {
diff --git a/packages/logic/test/warAftermath.test.ts b/packages/logic/test/warAftermath.test.ts
index 67a1638..3556d36 100644
--- a/packages/logic/test/warAftermath.test.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/test/warAftermath.test.ts
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ describe('war aftermath', () => {
         defenderNation.rice = 6000;
         const attackerCity = buildCity(1, 1);
         const defenderCity = buildCity(2, 2);
-        defenderCity.meta.conflict = JSON.stringify({ 99: 200, 1: 100 });
+        defenderCity.conflict = { 99: 200, 1: 100 };
         const attacker = buildGeneral(1, 1, 1);
         attacker.officerLevel = 12;
         const defender = buildGeneral(2, 2, 2);
@@ -236,10 +236,10 @@ describe('war aftermath', () => {
         expect(attackerNation.rice).toBe(4600);
         expect(defender.experience).toBe(90);
         expect(defender.dedication).toBe(50);
-        // Removed nations can remain in old persisted conflict metadata. They
+        // Removed nations can remain in old persisted conflict data. They
         // must never receive ownership during a later conquest.
         expect(defenderCity.nationId).toBe(attackerNation.id);
-        expect(defenderCity.meta.conflict).toBe('{}');
+        expect(defenderCity.conflict).toEqual({});
         expect(outcome.logs.map((log) => log.text)).toEqual(
             expect.arrayContaining([
                 '<D><b>Nation2</b></>를 정복',
diff --git a/packages/logic/test/warEngine.test.ts b/packages/logic/test/warEngine.test.ts
index 4c4655b..8f60c0b 100644
--- a/packages/logic/test/warEngine.test.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/test/warEngine.test.ts
@@ -300,6 +300,8 @@ describe('war triggers', () => {
         );
         cityUnit.setOppose(firstAttacker);
         expect(cityUnit.addConflict()).toBe(false);
+        expect(city.conflict).toEqual({ 1: 1.05 });
+        expect(city.meta.conflict).toBeUndefined();
 
         const secondNation = { ...buildNation(), id: 2 };
         const secondGeneral = { ...buildGeneral(80), id: 2, nationId: 2 };
@@ -316,6 +318,7 @@ describe('war triggers', () => {
         );
         cityUnit.setOppose(secondAttacker);
         expect(cityUnit.addConflict()).toBe(true);
+        expect(city.conflict).toEqual({ 1: 1.05, 2: 1 });
     });
 });
 
diff --git a/tools/integration-tests/test/turnCommandCoreReference.integration.test.ts b/tools/integration-tests/test/turnCommandCoreReference.integration.test.ts
index 33a8d6b..3bc4a9b 100644
--- a/tools/integration-tests/test/turnCommandCoreReference.integration.test.ts
+++ b/tools/integration-tests/test/turnCommandCoreReference.integration.test.ts
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ integration('core ↔ legacy command-boundary differential', () => {
     it.each([
         ['nation declaration', 'fixtures/turn-differential/nation-declaration.json'],
         ['live sortie conquest', 'fixtures/turn-differential/live-sortie-conquest.json'],
+        ['live sortie against a defending general', 'fixtures/turn-differential/live-sortie-defender.json'],
     ])(
         '%s matches command RNG and canonical state delta',
         async (_label, fixturePath) => {