diff --git a/app/game-api/src/battleSim/environment.ts b/app/game-api/src/battleSim/environment.ts
index dde3c81b..9e95fcfb 100644
--- a/app/game-api/src/battleSim/environment.ts
+++ b/app/game-api/src/battleSim/environment.ts
@@ -102,6 +102,7 @@ export const buildBattleSimEnvironment = async (
         maxTrainByWar: resolveNumber(constValues, ['maxTrainByWar'], DEFAULT_WAR_CONFIG.maxTrainByWar),
         maxAtmosByWar: resolveNumber(constValues, ['maxAtmosByWar'], DEFAULT_WAR_CONFIG.maxAtmosByWar),
         maxGeneralStat: resolveNumber(constValues, ['maxLevel'], 255),
+        statUpgradeLimit: resolveNumber(constValues, ['upgradeLimit'], 30),
         castleCrewTypeId,
         armTypes: {
             footman: 1,
diff --git a/app/game-api/src/tournament/workerHelpers.ts b/app/game-api/src/tournament/workerHelpers.ts
index eda261bd..70adf3d7 100644
--- a/app/game-api/src/tournament/workerHelpers.ts
+++ b/app/game-api/src/tournament/workerHelpers.ts
@@ -37,12 +37,17 @@ export const nextStage = (stage: number): number => {
     }
 };
 
+const resolveScheduledBaseMs = (state: TournamentState): number => {
+    const scheduled = new Date(state.nextAt).getTime();
+    return Number.isFinite(scheduled) ? scheduled : Date.now();
+};
+
 export const resolveNextAt = (state: TournamentState): string =>
-    new Date(Date.now() + Math.max(1, state.termSeconds) * 1000).toISOString();
+    new Date(resolveScheduledBaseMs(state) + Math.max(1, state.termSeconds) * 1000).toISOString();
 
 export const resolveBettingCloseAt = (state: TournamentState): string => {
     const bettingTermMs = Math.min(state.termSeconds * 60, 3600) * 1000;
-    return new Date(Date.now() + Math.max(1000, bettingTermMs)).toISOString();
+    return new Date(resolveScheduledBaseMs(state) + Math.max(1000, bettingTermMs)).toISOString();
 };
 
 export const resolveStatValue = (
diff --git a/app/game-api/test/tournamentWorker.test.ts b/app/game-api/test/tournamentWorker.test.ts
index 420cfa79..fbe43972 100644
--- a/app/game-api/test/tournamentWorker.test.ts
+++ b/app/game-api/test/tournamentWorker.test.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import type {
     TournamentState,
 } from '../src/tournament/types.js';
 import { applyBattle, applyPreBattleStage, settleTournamentOutcome } from '../src/tournament/worker.js';
-import { buildBettingPayouts } from '../src/tournament/workerHelpers.js';
+import { buildBettingPayouts, resolveBettingCloseAt, resolveNextAt } from '../src/tournament/workerHelpers.js';
 import type { TurnDaemonTransport } from '../src/daemon/transport.js';
 
 class MemoryRedis {
@@ -210,6 +210,18 @@ const runTournamentToCompletion = async (options: {
 
 const delayTick = async (): Promise<void> => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
 
+describe('tournament worker schedule compatibility', () => {
+    it('catches up from the stored schedule instead of discarding elapsed legacy phases', () => {
+        const state = createTournamentState({
+            termSeconds: 600,
+            nextAt: '2026-08-02T10:00:00.000Z',
+        });
+
+        expect(resolveNextAt(state)).toBe('2026-08-02T10:10:00.000Z');
+        expect(resolveBettingCloseAt(state)).toBe('2026-08-02T11:00:00.000Z');
+    });
+});
+
 describe('tournament worker (in-memory)', () => {
     it('당첨자가 없으면 레거시와 같이 베팅금을 지급하거나 환불하지 않는다', () => {
         expect(
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/lifecycle/turnDaemonLifecycle.ts b/app/game-engine/src/lifecycle/turnDaemonLifecycle.ts
index d8e2e1f3..877913a4 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/lifecycle/turnDaemonLifecycle.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/lifecycle/turnDaemonLifecycle.ts
@@ -167,7 +167,11 @@ export class TurnDaemonLifecycle {
             const nowMs = this.clock.nowMs();
             const nextTurnMs = nextRunTime.getTime();
             if (nowMs >= nextTurnMs) {
-                await this.runOnce({ reason: 'schedule', targetTime: nextRunTime });
+                // Ref checkDelay() executes every turn due at the observed
+                // wall-clock time in one snapshot. Using only the oldest due
+                // timestamp lets generals created by that batch run before a
+                // monthly boundary, although Ref defers them to the next pass.
+                await this.runOnce({ reason: 'schedule', targetTime: new Date(nowMs) });
                 continue;
             }
 
@@ -195,9 +199,10 @@ export class TurnDaemonLifecycle {
         const lastTurnTime = new Date(this.status.lastTurnTime);
         const nextGeneralTurnTime = await this.stateStore.loadNextGeneralTurnTime();
         const nextTickTime = this.getNextTickTime(lastTurnTime);
-        // 가장 빠른 장수 턴과 현재 틱 경계 중 먼저 오는 시각을 선택한다.
+        // 같은 시각이면 Ref처럼 월 경계를 먼저 처리한다. 해당 장수는 월
+        // 처리 직후 다음 daemon pass에서 과거 due turn으로 실행된다.
         const nextTurnTime =
-            nextGeneralTurnTime && nextGeneralTurnTime.getTime() <= nextTickTime.getTime()
+            nextGeneralTurnTime && nextGeneralTurnTime.getTime() < nextTickTime.getTime()
                 ? nextGeneralTurnTime
                 : nextTickTime;
 
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/scenario/scenarioSeeder.ts b/app/game-engine/src/scenario/scenarioSeeder.ts
index df370a59..756268b4 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/scenario/scenarioSeeder.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/scenario/scenarioSeeder.ts
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ const resolveKillturnFromDeathYear = (
     if (!Number.isFinite(deathYear) || deathYear <= 0) {
         return fallback;
     }
-    const diff = (deathYear - currentYear) * 12 + (deathMonth - currentMonth);
+    const diff = (deathYear - currentYear) * 12 + (deathMonth - 1) + currentMonth - 1;
     return Math.max(diff, 0);
 };
 
@@ -209,18 +209,6 @@ export const seedScenarioToDatabase = async (options: ScenarioSeedOptions): Prom
     const hiddenSeed =
         integrationSeed && integrationSeed.length > 0 ? integrationSeed : randomBytes(16).toString('hex');
 
-    const { seed, warnings } = buildScenarioBootstrap({
-        scenario: scenarioDefinition,
-        map,
-        unitSet,
-        options: {
-            includeNeutralNationInSeed: options.includeNeutralNationInSeed ?? true,
-            hiddenSeed,
-        },
-    });
-    seed.cities = applyInitialChangeCityEvents(seed.cities, seed.initialEvents);
-
-    const connector = createGamePostgresConnector({ url: options.databaseUrl });
     const now = options.now ?? new Date();
     const tickSeconds =
         install?.turnTermMinutes !== undefined
@@ -229,6 +217,22 @@ export const seedScenarioToDatabase = async (options: ScenarioSeedOptions): Prom
     const turnTermMinutes = Math.max(1, Math.round(tickSeconds / 60));
     const sync = install?.sync ?? false;
     const startState = resolveStartState(scenario.startYear ?? null, now, turnTermMinutes, sync);
+
+    const { seed, warnings } = buildScenarioBootstrap({
+        scenario: scenarioDefinition,
+        map,
+        unitSet,
+        options: {
+            includeNeutralNationInSeed: options.includeNeutralNationInSeed ?? true,
+            hiddenSeed,
+            initialYear: startState.currentYear,
+            initialMonth: startState.currentMonth,
+            turnTermMinutes,
+        },
+    });
+    seed.cities = applyInitialChangeCityEvents(seed.cities, seed.initialEvents);
+
+    const connector = createGamePostgresConnector({ url: options.databaseUrl });
     const generalGold = options.defaultGeneralGold ?? DEFAULT_GENERAL_GOLD;
     const generalRice = options.defaultGeneralRice ?? DEFAULT_GENERAL_RICE;
 
@@ -257,7 +261,15 @@ export const seedScenarioToDatabase = async (options: ScenarioSeedOptions): Prom
     const worldMeta: Record<string, unknown> = {
         scenarioId: options.scenarioId,
         scenarioMeta: seed.scenarioMeta,
+        // ResetHelper persists the actual pre-opening calendar separately from
+        // scenario.startyear. NPC wandering-nation AI and founding constraints
+        // derive their opening-month gates from these values.
+        initYear: startState.currentYear,
+        initMonth: startState.currentMonth,
         genius: Math.max(0, Math.floor(asNumber(scenarioConst.defaultMaxGenius, 5))),
+        // Ref seeds game_env.develcost before the first general turn. The
+        // monthly pre-handler recalculates the same value at each boundary.
+        develcost: (startState.currentYear - (scenario.startYear ?? startState.currentYear) + 10) * 2,
         starttime: formatDateTime(startState.startTime),
         turntime: formatDateTime(now),
         opentime: formatDateTime(now),
@@ -493,6 +505,8 @@ export const seedScenarioToDatabase = async (options: ScenarioSeedOptions): Prom
                             leadership: general.stats.leadership,
                             strength: general.stats.strength,
                             intel: general.stats.intelligence,
+                            experience: general.experience ?? 0,
+                            dedication: general.dedication ?? 0,
                             officerLevel: general.officerLevel,
                             gold: generalGold,
                             rice: generalRice,
@@ -501,9 +515,17 @@ export const seedScenarioToDatabase = async (options: ScenarioSeedOptions): Prom
                             weaponCode: general.weapon ?? 'None',
                             bookCode: general.book ?? 'None',
                             itemCode: general.item ?? 'None',
-                            turnTime: now,
-                            age: resolveGeneralAge(scenario.startYear ?? null, general.birthYear),
-                            startAge: resolveGeneralAge(scenario.startYear ?? null, general.birthYear),
+                            turnTime: new Date(
+                                now.getTime() +
+                                    Math.floor(
+                                        (typeof general.meta.initialTurnOffsetMicros === 'number'
+                                            ? general.meta.initialTurnOffsetMicros
+                                            : 0) / 1_000
+                                    )
+                            ),
+                            age: resolveGeneralAge(startState.currentYear, general.birthYear),
+                            // Legacy GeneralBuilder leaves startage at the schema default on install.
+                            startAge: 20,
                             personalCode: general.personality ?? 'None',
                             specialCode: general.special ?? 'None',
                             special2Code: general.specialWar ?? 'None',
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/aiUtils.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/aiUtils.ts
index 70782f16..cd80b35c 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/aiUtils.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/aiUtils.ts
@@ -85,6 +85,21 @@ export const parseYearMonth = (value: number): [number, number] => {
     return [year, month];
 };
 
+export const withCanonicalArgumentAliases = (args: Record<string, unknown>): Record<string, unknown> => {
+    const normalized = { ...args };
+    for (const [legacyKey, canonicalKey] of [
+        ['destCityID', 'destCityId'],
+        ['destNationID', 'destNationId'],
+        ['destGeneralID', 'destGeneralId'],
+        ['destTroopID', 'destTroopId'],
+    ] as const) {
+        if (normalized[canonicalKey] === undefined && normalized[legacyKey] !== undefined) {
+            normalized[canonicalKey] = normalized[legacyKey];
+        }
+    }
+    return normalized;
+};
+
 export const calcCityDevRatio = (city: City): number => {
     const total = city.agriculture + city.commerce + city.security + city.defence + city.wall;
     const max = city.agricultureMax + city.commerceMax + city.securityMax + city.defenceMax + city.wallMax;
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/core.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/core.ts
index bfcc84f8..d3a3310e 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/core.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/core.ts
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import type { ConstraintContext } from '@sammo-ts/logic';
 import { LiteHashDRBG, RandUtil } from '@sammo-ts/common';
 import { simpleSerialize } from '@sammo-ts/logic/war/utils.js';
 import { resolveStartYear, resolveTurnTermMinutes } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actions/turn/actionContextHelpers.js';
+import { NATION_TRAIT_KEYS } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actionModules/traits/nation/index.js';
 
 import type { ReservedTurnEntry } from '../../reservedTurnStore.js';
 import type { TurnGeneral, TurnWorldState } from '../../types.js';
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ import {
     readRequiredMetaNumber,
     roundTo,
     valueFit,
+    withCanonicalArgumentAliases,
 } from '../aiUtils.js';
 import { searchAllDistanceByNationList } from '../distance.js';
 import { generalActionHandlers } from '../generalAiGeneralActions.js';
@@ -48,10 +50,36 @@ const d징병 = 2;
 const d직전 = 3;
 const d전쟁 = 4;
 
+export const resolveLegacyAiStats = (
+    general: Pick<TurnGeneral, 'injury' | 'officerLevel' | 'stats'>,
+    nation: Nation | null | undefined,
+    maxStatLevel: number
+) => {
+    const maxLevel = Math.max(1, maxStatLevel);
+    const clampStat = (value: number): number => Math.max(0, Math.min(value, maxLevel));
+    const injuryRatio = (100 - Math.max(0, Math.min(general.injury, 100))) / 100;
+    const nationLevel = nation?.level ?? 0;
+    const leadershipBonus = general.officerLevel === 12 ? nationLevel * 2 : general.officerLevel >= 5 ? nationLevel : 0;
+    const leadershipWithBonus = (value: number): number => clampStat(clampStat(value) + leadershipBonus);
+
+    const injuredLeadership = general.stats.leadership * injuryRatio;
+    const injuredStrength = general.stats.strength * injuryRatio;
+    const injuredIntelligence = general.stats.intelligence * injuryRatio;
+
+    return {
+        fullLeadership: leadershipWithBonus(general.stats.leadership),
+        fullStrength: clampStat(general.stats.strength + Math.round(general.stats.intelligence / 4)),
+        fullIntelligence: clampStat(general.stats.intelligence + Math.round(general.stats.strength / 4)),
+        effectiveLeadership: Math.trunc(leadershipWithBonus(injuredLeadership)),
+        effectiveStrength: Math.trunc(clampStat(injuredStrength + Math.round(injuredIntelligence / 4))),
+        effectiveIntelligence: Math.trunc(clampStat(injuredIntelligence + Math.round(injuredStrength / 4))),
+    };
+};
+
 export class GeneralAI {
-    public readonly general: TurnGeneral;
-    public readonly city?: City;
-    public readonly nation?: Nation | null;
+    public general: TurnGeneral;
+    public city?: City;
+    public nation?: Nation | null;
     public readonly world: TurnWorldState;
     public readonly worldRef: AiWorldView | null;
     public readonly map?: MapDefinition;
@@ -125,11 +153,15 @@ export class GeneralAI {
     private devRate: Record<string, number> | null = null;
     private categorizedCities = false;
     private categorizedGenerals = false;
+    private promotionPatches: Array<{ generalId: number; officerLevel: number; officerCity: number }> = [];
+    private promotionNationMeta: Record<string, unknown> | null = null;
+    private readonly initialGeneralMeta: Record<string, unknown>;
 
     private readonly reservedTurnProvider: AiReservedTurnProvider;
 
     constructor(options: GeneralAIOptions) {
         this.general = { ...options.general, meta: { ...options.general.meta } };
+        this.initialGeneralMeta = { ...options.general.meta };
         this.city = options.city;
         const nation =
             options.nation ??
@@ -160,7 +192,51 @@ export class GeneralAI {
             this.world.currentMonth,
             this.general.id
         );
-        this.rng = new RandUtil(LiteHashDRBG.build(seed));
+        if ((process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_GENERAL_IDS?.split(',') ?? []).includes(String(this.general.id))) {
+            process.stdout.write(
+                `AI_GENERAL_SEED_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({
+                    generalId: this.general.id,
+                    year: this.world.currentYear,
+                    month: this.world.currentMonth,
+                    seedHex: Buffer.from(seed).toString('hex'),
+                })}\n`
+            );
+        }
+        const baseRng = new RandUtil(LiteHashDRBG.build(seed));
+        const traceRng = (process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_GENERAL_IDS?.split(',') ?? []).includes(String(this.general.id));
+        let traceSequence = 0;
+        this.rng = traceRng
+            ? new Proxy(baseRng, {
+                  get: (target, property, receiver) => {
+                      const value = Reflect.get(target, property, receiver);
+                      if (typeof value !== 'function') return value;
+                      return (...args: unknown[]) => {
+                          const result = Reflect.apply(value, receiver, args);
+                          if (
+                              ['nextFloat1', 'nextRangeInt', 'nextInt', 'nextBit', 'nextBool', 'choice', 'choiceUsingWeight', 'choiceUsingWeightPair'].includes(
+                                  String(property)
+                              )
+                          ) {
+                              process.stdout.write(
+                                  `AI_RNG_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({
+                                      generalId: this.general.id,
+                                      sequence: traceSequence++,
+                                      method: String(property),
+                                      caller: new Error().stack?.split('\n')[2]?.trim() ?? null,
+                                      result:
+                                          result === null || ['string', 'number', 'boolean'].includes(typeof result)
+                                              ? result
+                                              : Array.isArray(result)
+                                                ? `[array:${result.length}]`
+                                                : '[object]',
+                                  })}\n`
+                              );
+                          }
+                          return result;
+                      };
+                  },
+              })
+            : baseRng;
 
         const constValues = asRecord(this.scenarioConfig.const);
         this.aiConst = {
@@ -176,7 +252,7 @@ export class GeneralAI {
             npcMessageFreqByDay: readNumber(constValues.npcMessageFreqByDay, 0),
             availableNationTypes: Array.isArray(constValues.availableNationType)
                 ? constValues.availableNationType.filter((value) => typeof value === 'string')
-                : [],
+                : NATION_TRAIT_KEYS.filter((value) => value !== 'che_중립'),
         };
 
         const generalPolicy = new AutorunGeneralPolicy(
@@ -223,6 +299,14 @@ export class GeneralAI {
         this.categorizeNationCities();
         this.categorizeNationGeneral();
 
+        if (this.general.npcState >= 2 && [3, 6, 9, 12].includes(this.world.currentMonth)) {
+            if (this.general.officerLevel === 12) {
+                this.chooseNpcPromotion();
+            } else {
+                this.chooseNonLordPromotion();
+            }
+        }
+
         if (reservedTurn.action !== ACTION_REST) {
             const reservedCandidate = this.buildNationCandidate(reservedTurn.action, reservedTurn.args, 'reserved');
             if (reservedCandidate) {
@@ -243,6 +327,16 @@ export class GeneralAI {
             }
             const result = handler(this);
             if (result) {
+                // Ref refreshes the cached AI state after these selected nation
+                // commands, before choosing the general command with the same
+                // RNG. The refresh includes another mixed-general type draw.
+                if (
+                    ['유저장긴급포상', 'NPC긴급포상', '선전포고', '천도'].includes(
+                        actionName
+                    )
+                ) {
+                    this.reqUpdateInstance = true;
+                }
                 return result;
             }
         }
@@ -250,13 +344,47 @@ export class GeneralAI {
         return this.buildNationCandidate(ACTION_REST, {}, 'neutral');
     }
 
+    consumePromotionPatches(): {
+        generals: Array<{ generalId: number; officerLevel: number; officerCity: number }>;
+        nationMeta: Record<string, unknown> | null;
+    } {
+        const result = {
+            generals: this.promotionPatches,
+            nationMeta: this.promotionNationMeta,
+        };
+        this.promotionPatches = [];
+        this.promotionNationMeta = null;
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    consumePersistentGeneralMetaPatch(): { set: Record<string, unknown>; unset: string[] } {
+        const transientKeys = new Set([
+            'fullLeadership',
+            'fullStrength',
+            'fullIntelligence',
+            'effectiveLeadership',
+            'effectiveStrength',
+            'effectiveIntelligence',
+        ]);
+        const set: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+        for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(this.general.meta)) {
+            if (transientKeys.has(key) || Object.is(this.initialGeneralMeta[key], value)) continue;
+            set[key] = value;
+        }
+        const unset = Object.keys(this.initialGeneralMeta).filter(
+            (key) => !transientKeys.has(key) && !Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(this.general.meta, key)
+        );
+        return { set, unset };
+    }
+
     chooseGeneralTurn(reservedTurn: ReservedTurnEntry): AiCommandCandidate | null {
         this.updateInstance();
         if (!this.worldRef) {
             return null;
         }
 
-        const npcMessage = asRecord(this.general.meta).npcmsg;
+        const generalMeta = asRecord(this.general.meta);
+        const npcMessage = generalMeta.npcmsg ?? generalMeta.text;
         if (npcMessage && this.rng.nextBool((this.aiConst.npcMessageFreqByDay * this.turnTermMinutes) / (60 * 24))) {
             // 메시지 영속화는 turn handler가 담당한다. 여기서는 레거시와 같은 RNG 소비를 보존한다.
         }
@@ -336,7 +464,13 @@ export class GeneralAI {
         }
 
         for (const actionName of this.generalPolicy.priority) {
-            if (!this.generalPolicy.can(actionName)) {
+            const allowed = this.generalPolicy.can(actionName);
+            if (!allowed) {
+                if ((process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_GENERAL_IDS?.split(',') ?? []).includes(String(this.general.id))) {
+                    process.stdout.write(
+                        `AI_GENERAL_PRIORITY_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({ generalId: this.general.id, actionName, allowed, result: null })}\n`
+                    );
+                }
                 continue;
             }
             const handler = generalActionHandlers[actionName];
@@ -344,6 +478,11 @@ export class GeneralAI {
                 continue;
             }
             const result = handler(this);
+            if ((process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_GENERAL_IDS?.split(',') ?? []).includes(String(this.general.id))) {
+                process.stdout.write(
+                    `AI_GENERAL_PRIORITY_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({ generalId: this.general.id, actionName, allowed, result })}\n`
+                );
+            }
             if (result) {
                 return result;
             }
@@ -354,7 +493,6 @@ export class GeneralAI {
     }
 
     getDebugState(): GeneralAiDebugState {
-        this.updateInstance();
         this.categorizeNationCities();
         const yearMonth = joinYearMonth(this.world.currentYear, this.world.currentMonth);
         const startYearMonth = joinYearMonth(this.startYear + 2, 5);
@@ -626,10 +764,35 @@ export class GeneralAI {
         }
         this.reqUpdateInstance = false;
 
-        const nation = this.nation;
-        if (!nation) {
-            return;
+        const refreshedGeneral = this.worldRef?.getGeneralById(this.general.id);
+        if (refreshedGeneral) {
+            this.general = { ...refreshedGeneral, meta: { ...refreshedGeneral.meta } };
         }
+        const refreshedCity = this.worldRef?.getCityById(this.general.cityId);
+        if (refreshedCity) {
+            this.city = refreshedCity;
+        }
+        const refreshedNation =
+            this.general.nationId > 0 ? (this.worldRef?.getNationById(this.general.nationId) ?? null) : null;
+        if (refreshedNation !== undefined) {
+            this.nation = refreshedNation ? { ...refreshedNation, meta: { ...refreshedNation.meta } } : refreshedNation;
+        }
+
+        const nation =
+            this.nation ??
+            ({
+                id: 0,
+                name: '재야',
+                color: '#000000',
+                capitalCityId: null,
+                chiefGeneralId: null,
+                gold: 0,
+                rice: 0,
+                power: 0,
+                level: 0,
+                typeCode: 'neutral',
+                meta: {},
+            } satisfies Nation);
 
         const baseDevelCost = this.commandEnv.develCost * 12;
         const nationMeta = asRecord(nation.meta);
@@ -654,6 +817,7 @@ export class GeneralAI {
         }
 
         this.calcDiplomacyState();
+        this.refreshLegacyFullStats();
         this.genType = this.calcGenType();
 
         void baseDevelCost;
@@ -671,16 +835,17 @@ export class GeneralAI {
         if (parsedArgs === null) {
             return null;
         }
+        const constraintArgs = withCanonicalArgumentAliases(parsedArgs as Record<string, unknown>);
         const constraintEnv = this.buildConstraintEnv();
         const ctx: ConstraintContext = {
             actorId: this.general.id,
             cityId: this.city?.id,
             nationId: this.general.nationId,
-            args: parsedArgs as Record<string, unknown>,
+            args: constraintArgs,
             env: constraintEnv,
             mode: 'full',
         };
-        const view = new WorldStateView(this.worldRef, constraintEnv, parsedArgs as Record<string, unknown>, {
+        const view = new WorldStateView(this.worldRef, constraintEnv, constraintArgs, {
             general: this.general,
             city: this.city,
             nation: this.nation ?? null,
@@ -688,6 +853,11 @@ export class GeneralAI {
         const constraints = definition.buildConstraints(ctx, parsedArgs as never);
         const result = evaluateConstraints(constraints, ctx, view);
         if (result.kind !== 'allow') {
+            if ((process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_GENERAL_IDS?.split(',') ?? []).includes(String(this.general.id))) {
+                process.stdout.write(
+                    `AI_GENERAL_CONSTRAINT_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({ generalId: this.general.id, action, args: parsedArgs, result })}\n`
+                );
+            }
             return null;
         }
         return {
@@ -708,9 +878,10 @@ export class GeneralAI {
     }
 
     private calcGenType(): number {
-        const leadership = this.general.stats.leadership;
-        const strength = Math.max(this.general.stats.strength, 1);
-        const intel = Math.max(this.general.stats.intelligence, 1);
+        const meta = asRecord(this.general.meta);
+        const leadership = readMetaNumber(meta, 'fullLeadership', this.general.stats.leadership);
+        const strength = Math.max(readMetaNumber(meta, 'fullStrength', this.general.stats.strength), 1);
+        const intel = Math.max(readMetaNumber(meta, 'fullIntelligence', this.general.stats.intelligence), 1);
         let genType: number;
 
         if (strength >= intel) {
@@ -736,6 +907,153 @@ export class GeneralAI {
         return genType;
     }
 
+    private refreshLegacyFullStats(): void {
+        const stats = resolveLegacyAiStats(
+            this.general,
+            this.nation,
+            this.commandEnv.maxStatLevel ?? this.scenarioConfig.stat.max
+        );
+        this.general.meta = {
+            ...this.general.meta,
+            ...stats,
+        };
+    }
+
+    private chooseNpcPromotion(): void {
+        if (!this.nation || !this.worldRef) {
+            return;
+        }
+        const minChiefLevel = this.nation.level >= 6 ? 5 : this.nation.level >= 4 ? 7 : this.nation.level >= 2 ? 9 : 11;
+        let chiefSet = readMetaNumber(asRecord(this.nation.meta), 'chief_set', 0);
+        const generals = this.worldRef
+            .listGenerals()
+            .filter((candidate) => candidate.nationId === this.nation!.id)
+            .sort((left, right) => {
+                const leftScore = left.stats.leadership * 2 + left.stats.strength + left.stats.intelligence;
+                const rightScore = right.stats.leadership * 2 + right.stats.strength + right.stats.intelligence;
+                // Ref's nation query returns primary-key order and uasort keeps
+                // that order when the raw-stat score ties.
+                return rightScore - leftScore || left.id - right.id;
+            });
+        const effectiveOfficerLevel = new Map(generals.map((candidate) => [candidate.id, candidate.officerLevel]));
+
+        for (let chiefLevel = 11; chiefLevel >= minChiefLevel; chiefLevel -= 1) {
+            if ((chiefSet & (1 << chiefLevel)) !== 0 || this.general.officerLevel === chiefLevel) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            const oldChief = generals.find((candidate) => candidate.officerLevel === chiefLevel);
+            if (oldChief) {
+                const newChiefProbability = this.rng.nextBool(0.1) ? 1 : 0;
+                // GeneralAI.php performs a second nextBool(0) call on the
+                // rejection path. Preserve that consumption for the shared
+                // nation/general AI RNG stream.
+                if (newChiefProbability < 1 && !this.rng.nextBool(newChiefProbability)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            const nextChief = generals.find((candidate) => {
+                if ((effectiveOfficerLevel.get(candidate.id) ?? candidate.officerLevel) > 4 || candidate.npcState < 2) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                const killturn = readRequiredMetaNumber(
+                    asRecord(candidate.meta),
+                    'killturn',
+                    `generalId=${candidate.id}`
+                );
+                if (killturn < 36) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                if (chiefLevel !== 11 && chiefLevel % 2 === 0 && candidate.stats.strength < this.aiConst.chiefStatMin) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                if (
+                    chiefLevel !== 11 &&
+                    chiefLevel % 2 === 1 &&
+                    candidate.stats.intelligence < this.aiConst.chiefStatMin
+                ) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            });
+            if (!nextChief) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (oldChief) {
+                this.promotionPatches.push({ generalId: oldChief.id, officerLevel: 1, officerCity: 0 });
+            }
+            this.promotionPatches.push({ generalId: nextChief.id, officerLevel: chiefLevel, officerCity: 0 });
+            if (process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_SEQUENCE === '1') {
+                process.stdout.write(
+                    `AI_PROMOTION_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({ engine: 'core', mode: 'lord', actor: this.general.id, chiefLevel, picked: nextChief.id })}\n`
+                );
+            }
+            effectiveOfficerLevel.set(nextChief.id, chiefLevel);
+            chiefSet |= 1 << chiefLevel;
+        }
+
+        if (this.promotionPatches.length > 0) {
+            this.promotionNationMeta = { ...this.nation.meta, chief_set: chiefSet };
+        }
+    }
+
+    private chooseNonLordPromotion(): void {
+        if (!this.nation) {
+            return;
+        }
+        const minChiefLevel = this.nation.level >= 6 ? 5 : this.nation.level >= 4 ? 7 : this.nation.level >= 2 ? 9 : 11;
+        let chiefSet = readMetaNumber(asRecord(this.nation.meta), 'chief_set', 0);
+        const pools = [this.npcWarGenerals, this.npcCivilGenerals, this.userWarGenerals, this.userCivilGenerals];
+
+        for (let chiefLevel = minChiefLevel; chiefLevel <= 12; chiefLevel += 1) {
+            if (
+                (chiefSet & (1 << chiefLevel)) !== 0 ||
+                this.chiefGenerals[chiefLevel] ||
+                this.general.officerLevel === chiefLevel
+            ) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let picked: TurnGeneral | null = null;
+            for (let trial = 0; trial < 5; trial += 1) {
+                const pool = pools.find((candidatePool) => Object.keys(candidatePool).length > 0);
+                if (!pool) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                const candidate = this.rng.choice(Object.values(pool));
+                if (candidate.officerLevel !== 1) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (
+                    chiefLevel !== 11 &&
+                    ((chiefLevel % 2 === 0 && candidate.stats.strength < this.aiConst.chiefStatMin) ||
+                        (chiefLevel % 2 === 1 && candidate.stats.intelligence < this.aiConst.chiefStatMin))
+                ) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                picked = candidate;
+                break;
+            }
+            if (!picked) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            picked.officerLevel = chiefLevel;
+            picked.meta = { ...picked.meta, officer_city: 0 };
+            this.promotionPatches.push({ generalId: picked.id, officerLevel: chiefLevel, officerCity: 0 });
+            if (process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_SEQUENCE === '1') {
+                process.stdout.write(
+                    `AI_PROMOTION_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({ engine: 'core', mode: 'non-lord', actor: this.general.id, chiefLevel, picked: picked.id })}\n`
+                );
+            }
+            this.chiefGenerals[chiefLevel] = picked;
+            chiefSet |= 1 << chiefLevel;
+        }
+
+        if (this.promotionPatches.length > 0) {
+            this.promotionNationMeta = { ...this.nation.meta, chief_set: chiefSet };
+        }
+    }
+
     private calcDiplomacyState(): void {
         if (!this.nation || !this.worldRef) {
             return;
@@ -815,6 +1133,11 @@ export class GeneralAI {
         }
 
         // legacy GeneralAI.php 기준: 평화/선포 상태에서 병력 보유 여부로 d징병 전환하지 않음.
+        if ((process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_GENERAL_IDS?.split(',') ?? []).includes(String(this.general.id))) {
+            process.stdout.write(
+                `AI_DIPLOMACY_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({ generalId: this.general.id, warTargets, dipState: this.dipState })}\n`
+            );
+        }
     }
 
     private calcRecentWarTurn(general: TurnGeneral): number {
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/devActions.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/devActions.ts
index c2c03442..b3cdab67 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/devActions.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/devActions.ts
@@ -27,6 +27,10 @@ export const do일반내정 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
     }
 
     const develRate = ai.calcCityDevelRate(city);
+    const generalMeta = asRecord(ai.general.meta);
+    const leadership = readMetaNumber(generalMeta, 'effectiveLeadership', ai.general.stats.leadership);
+    const strength = readMetaNumber(generalMeta, 'effectiveStrength', ai.general.stats.strength);
+    const intelligence = readMetaNumber(generalMeta, 'effectiveIntelligence', ai.general.stats.intelligence);
     const tech = readMetaNumber(asRecord(nation.meta), 'tech', 0);
     const isSpringSummer = ai.world.currentMonth <= 6;
     const cmdList: Array<[ReturnType<GeneralAI['buildGeneralCandidate']>, number]> = [];
@@ -35,18 +39,18 @@ export const do일반내정 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
         if (develRate.trust[0] < 0.98) {
             cmdList.push([
                 ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_주민선정', {}, '일반내정'),
-                (ai.general.stats.leadership / valueFit(develRate.trust[0] / 2 - 0.2, 0.001)) * 2,
+                (leadership / valueFit(develRate.trust[0] / 2 - 0.2, 0.001)) * 2,
             ]);
         }
         if (develRate.pop[0] < 0.8) {
             cmdList.push([
                 ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_정착장려', {}, '일반내정'),
-                ai.general.stats.leadership / valueFit(develRate.pop[0], 0.001),
+                leadership / valueFit(develRate.pop[0], 0.001),
             ]);
         } else if (develRate.pop[0] < 0.99) {
             cmdList.push([
                 ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_정착장려', {}, '일반내정'),
-                ai.general.stats.leadership / valueFit(develRate.pop[0] / 4, 0.001),
+                leadership / valueFit(develRate.pop[0] / 4, 0.001),
             ]);
         }
     }
@@ -55,51 +59,69 @@ export const do일반내정 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
         if (develRate.def[0] < 1) {
             cmdList.push([
                 ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_수비강화', {}, '일반내정'),
-                ai.general.stats.strength / valueFit(develRate.def[0], 0.001),
+                strength / valueFit(develRate.def[0], 0.001),
             ]);
         }
         if (develRate.wall[0] < 1) {
             cmdList.push([
                 ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_성벽보수', {}, '일반내정'),
-                ai.general.stats.strength / valueFit(develRate.wall[0], 0.001),
+                strength / valueFit(develRate.wall[0], 0.001),
             ]);
         }
         if (develRate.secu[0] < 0.9) {
             cmdList.push([
                 ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_치안강화', {}, '일반내정'),
-                ai.general.stats.strength / valueFit(develRate.secu[0] / 0.8, 0.001, 1),
+                strength / valueFit(develRate.secu[0] / 0.8, 0.001, 1),
             ]);
         } else if (develRate.secu[0] < 1) {
             cmdList.push([
                 ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_치안강화', {}, '일반내정'),
-                ai.general.stats.strength / 2 / valueFit(develRate.secu[0], 0.001),
+                strength / 2 / valueFit(develRate.secu[0], 0.001),
             ]);
         }
     }
 
     if (ai.genType & t지장) {
         if (!isTechLimited(ai, tech)) {
-            const nextTech = (tech % 1000) + 1;
-            const weight = !isTechLimited(ai, tech + 1000)
-                ? ai.general.stats.intelligence / (nextTech / 2000)
-                : ai.general.stats.intelligence;
+            // PHP's `%` coerces the FLOAT nation tech value to an integer
+            // before taking the remainder. Keeping the fraction here can move
+            // a weighted draw across a candidate boundary.
+            const nextTech = (Math.trunc(tech) % 1000) + 1;
+            const weight = !isTechLimited(ai, tech + 1000) ? intelligence / (nextTech / 2000) : intelligence;
             cmdList.push([ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_기술연구', {}, '일반내정'), weight]);
         }
         if (develRate.agri[0] < 1) {
             cmdList.push([
                 ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_농지개간', {}, '일반내정'),
-                ((isSpringSummer ? 1.2 : 0.8) * ai.general.stats.intelligence) / valueFit(develRate.agri[0], 0.001, 1),
+                ((isSpringSummer ? 1.2 : 0.8) * intelligence) / valueFit(develRate.agri[0], 0.001, 1),
             ]);
         }
         if (develRate.comm[0] < 1) {
             cmdList.push([
                 ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_상업투자', {}, '일반내정'),
-                ((isSpringSummer ? 0.8 : 1.2) * ai.general.stats.intelligence) / valueFit(develRate.comm[0], 0.001, 1),
+                ((isSpringSummer ? 0.8 : 1.2) * intelligence) / valueFit(develRate.comm[0], 0.001, 1),
             ]);
         }
     }
 
-    return pickWeightedCandidate(ai, cmdList);
+    const picked = pickWeightedCandidate(ai, cmdList);
+    const traceGeneralIds = process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_GENERAL_IDS?.split(',') ?? [];
+    if (traceGeneralIds.includes(String(ai.general.id))) {
+        process.stdout.write(
+            `AI_DEVEL_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({
+                generalId: ai.general.id,
+                year: ai.world.currentYear,
+                month: ai.world.currentMonth,
+                genType: ai.genType,
+                city,
+                candidates: cmdList.flatMap(([candidate, weight]) =>
+                    candidate ? [{ action: candidate.action, weight }] : []
+                ),
+                picked: picked?.action ?? null,
+            })}\n`
+        );
+    }
+    return picked;
 };
 
 export const do긴급내정 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
@@ -111,12 +133,13 @@ export const do긴급내정 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
         return null;
     }
     const trust = resolveCityTrust(city);
-    if (trust < 70 && ai.rng.nextBool(ai.general.stats.leadership / ai.aiConst.chiefStatMin)) {
+    const leadership = readMetaNumber(asRecord(ai.general.meta), 'effectiveLeadership', ai.general.stats.leadership);
+    if (trust < 70 && ai.rng.nextBool(leadership / ai.aiConst.chiefStatMin)) {
         return ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_주민선정', {}, '긴급내정');
     }
     if (
         city.population < ai.nationPolicy.minNpcRecruitCityPopulation &&
-        ai.rng.nextBool(ai.general.stats.leadership / ai.aiConst.chiefStatMin / 2)
+        ai.rng.nextBool(leadership / ai.aiConst.chiefStatMin / 2)
     ) {
         return ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_정착장려', {}, '긴급내정');
     }
@@ -139,6 +162,10 @@ export const do전쟁내정 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
         return null;
     }
     const develRate = ai.calcCityDevelRate(city);
+    const generalMeta = asRecord(ai.general.meta);
+    const leadership = readMetaNumber(generalMeta, 'effectiveLeadership', ai.general.stats.leadership);
+    const strength = readMetaNumber(generalMeta, 'effectiveStrength', ai.general.stats.strength);
+    const intelligence = readMetaNumber(generalMeta, 'effectiveIntelligence', ai.general.stats.intelligence);
     const tech = readMetaNumber(asRecord(nation.meta), 'tech', 0);
     const isSpringSummer = ai.world.currentMonth <= 6;
     const cmdList: Array<[ReturnType<GeneralAI['buildGeneralCandidate']>, number]> = [];
@@ -147,13 +174,13 @@ export const do전쟁내정 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
         if (develRate.trust[0] < 0.98) {
             cmdList.push([
                 ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_주민선정', {}, '전쟁내정'),
-                (ai.general.stats.leadership / valueFit(develRate.trust[0] / 2 - 0.2, 0.001)) * 2,
+                (leadership / valueFit(develRate.trust[0] / 2 - 0.2, 0.001)) * 2,
             ]);
         }
         if (develRate.pop[0] < 0.8) {
             const weight = [1, 3].includes(city.frontState)
-                ? ai.general.stats.leadership / valueFit(develRate.pop[0], 0.001)
-                : ai.general.stats.leadership / valueFit(develRate.pop[0], 0.001) / 2;
+                ? leadership / valueFit(develRate.pop[0], 0.001)
+                : leadership / valueFit(develRate.pop[0], 0.001) / 2;
             cmdList.push([ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_정착장려', {}, '전쟁내정'), weight]);
         }
     }
@@ -162,52 +189,62 @@ export const do전쟁내정 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
         if (develRate.def[0] < 0.5) {
             cmdList.push([
                 ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_수비강화', {}, '전쟁내정'),
-                ai.general.stats.strength / valueFit(develRate.def[0], 0.001) / 2,
+                strength / valueFit(develRate.def[0], 0.001) / 2,
             ]);
         }
         if (develRate.wall[0] < 0.5) {
             cmdList.push([
                 ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_성벽보수', {}, '전쟁내정'),
-                ai.general.stats.strength / valueFit(develRate.wall[0], 0.001) / 2,
+                strength / valueFit(develRate.wall[0], 0.001) / 2,
             ]);
         }
         if (develRate.secu[0] < 0.5) {
             cmdList.push([
                 ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_치안강화', {}, '전쟁내정'),
-                ai.general.stats.strength / valueFit(develRate.secu[0] / 0.8, 0.001, 1) / 4,
+                strength / valueFit(develRate.secu[0] / 0.8, 0.001, 1) / 4,
             ]);
         }
     }
 
     if (ai.genType & t지장) {
         if (!isTechLimited(ai, tech)) {
-            const nextTech = (tech % 1000) + 1;
-            const weight = !isTechLimited(ai, tech + 1000)
-                ? ai.general.stats.intelligence / (nextTech / 3000)
-                : ai.general.stats.intelligence;
+            const nextTech = (Math.trunc(tech) % 1000) + 1;
+            const weight = !isTechLimited(ai, tech + 1000) ? intelligence / (nextTech / 3000) : intelligence;
             cmdList.push([ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_기술연구', {}, '전쟁내정'), weight]);
         }
         if (develRate.agri[0] < 0.5) {
             const weight = [1, 3].includes(city.frontState)
-                ? ((isSpringSummer ? 1.2 : 0.8) * ai.general.stats.intelligence) /
-                  4 /
-                  valueFit(develRate.agri[0], 0.001, 1)
-                : ((isSpringSummer ? 1.2 : 0.8) * ai.general.stats.intelligence) /
-                  2 /
-                  valueFit(develRate.agri[0], 0.001, 1);
+                ? ((isSpringSummer ? 1.2 : 0.8) * intelligence) / 4 / valueFit(develRate.agri[0], 0.001, 1)
+                : ((isSpringSummer ? 1.2 : 0.8) * intelligence) / 2 / valueFit(develRate.agri[0], 0.001, 1);
             cmdList.push([ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_농지개간', {}, '전쟁내정'), weight]);
         }
         if (develRate.comm[0] < 0.5) {
             const weight = [1, 3].includes(city.frontState)
-                ? ((isSpringSummer ? 0.8 : 1.2) * ai.general.stats.intelligence) /
-                  4 /
-                  valueFit(develRate.comm[0], 0.001, 1)
-                : ((isSpringSummer ? 0.8 : 1.2) * ai.general.stats.intelligence) /
-                  2 /
-                  valueFit(develRate.comm[0], 0.001, 1);
+                ? ((isSpringSummer ? 0.8 : 1.2) * intelligence) / 4 / valueFit(develRate.comm[0], 0.001, 1)
+                : ((isSpringSummer ? 0.8 : 1.2) * intelligence) / 2 / valueFit(develRate.comm[0], 0.001, 1);
             cmdList.push([ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_상업투자', {}, '전쟁내정'), weight]);
         }
     }
 
-    return pickWeightedCandidate(ai, cmdList);
+    const picked = pickWeightedCandidate(ai, cmdList);
+    const traceGeneralIds = process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_GENERAL_IDS?.split(',') ?? [];
+    if (traceGeneralIds.includes(String(ai.general.id))) {
+        process.stdout.write(
+            `AI_DEVEL_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({
+                generalId: ai.general.id,
+                year: ai.world.currentYear,
+                month: ai.world.currentMonth,
+                mode: '전쟁내정',
+                genType: ai.genType,
+                dipState: ai.dipState,
+                city,
+                nationTech: tech,
+                candidates: cmdList.flatMap(([candidate, weight]) =>
+                    candidate ? [{ action: candidate.action, weight }] : []
+                ),
+                picked: picked?.action ?? null,
+            })}\n`
+        );
+    }
+    return picked;
 };
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/economyActions.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/economyActions.ts
index 9363994c..601d3f6d 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/economyActions.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/economyActions.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,22 @@
+import { GeneralActionPipeline } from '@sammo-ts/logic';
 import { findCrewTypeById, getTechCost } from '@sammo-ts/logic/world/unitSet.js';
 
 import type { GeneralAI } from '../core.js';
 import { asRecord, readMetaNumber, valueFit } from '../../aiUtils.js';
 
 export const do금쌀구매 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
+    const traceEnabled = (process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_GENERAL_IDS?.split(',') ?? []).includes(String(ai.general.id));
+    const trace = (stage: string, values: Record<string, unknown> = {}) => {
+        if (!traceEnabled) {
+            return;
+        }
+        process.stderr.write(
+            `AI_ECONOMY_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({ generalId: ai.general.id, stage, ...values })}\n`
+        );
+    };
     const city = ai.city;
     if (!city) {
+        trace('no-city');
         return null;
     }
 
@@ -14,8 +25,9 @@ export const do금쌀구매 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
         return null;
     }
 
-    const kill = readMetaNumber(asRecord(ai.general.meta), 'killcrew', 50000) + 50000;
-    const death = readMetaNumber(asRecord(ai.general.meta), 'deathcrew', 50000) + 50000;
+    const generalMeta = asRecord(ai.general.meta);
+    const kill = readMetaNumber(generalMeta, 'rank_killcrew', readMetaNumber(generalMeta, 'killcrew', 0)) + 50000;
+    const death = readMetaNumber(generalMeta, 'rank_deathcrew', readMetaNumber(generalMeta, 'deathcrew', 0)) + 50000;
     const deathRate = death / kill;
 
     const absGold = ai.general.gold;
@@ -24,16 +36,64 @@ export const do금쌀구매 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
     const relRice = absRice * deathRate;
 
     const baseDevelCost = ai.commandEnv.develCost * 12;
+    trace('resources', {
+        absGold,
+        absRice,
+        relGold,
+        relRice,
+        deathRate,
+        baseDevelCost,
+        canIgnoreTrader: ai.generalPolicy.can('상인무시'),
+        trade,
+    });
     if (absGold + absRice < baseDevelCost * 2) {
+        trace('insufficient-base-resource');
         return null;
     }
 
     const crewType = findCrewTypeById(ai.unitSet, ai.general.crewTypeId ?? ai.commandEnv.defaultCrewTypeId);
     const tech = readMetaNumber(asRecord(ai.nation?.meta ?? {}), 'tech', 0);
-    const fullLeadership = ai.general.stats.leadership;
+    const fullLeadership = readMetaNumber(generalMeta, 'fullLeadership', ai.general.stats.leadership);
     const crewAmount = fullLeadership * 100;
-    const goldCost = crewType ? (crewType.cost * getTechCost(tech) * crewAmount) / 100 : 0;
-    const riceCost = crewAmount / 100;
+    const rawGoldCost = crewType ? (crewType.cost * getTechCost(tech) * crewAmount) / 100 : 0;
+    const actionPipeline = new GeneralActionPipeline(ai.commandEnv.generalActionModules ?? []);
+    const goldCost = Math.round(
+        actionPipeline.onCalcDomestic(
+            {
+                general: ai.general,
+                nation: ai.nation ?? undefined,
+                ...(ai.worldRef
+                    ? {
+                          worldView: {
+                              listGenerals: () => ai.worldRef!.listGenerals(),
+                              listGeneralsByCity: (cityId: number) =>
+                                  ai.worldRef!.listGenerals().filter((candidate) => candidate.cityId === cityId),
+                              listNations: () => ai.worldRef!.listNations(),
+                          },
+                      }
+                    : {}),
+                time: {
+                    year: ai.world.currentYear,
+                    month: ai.world.currentMonth,
+                    startYear: ai.startYear,
+                },
+            },
+            '징병',
+            'cost',
+            rawGoldCost,
+            { armType: crewType?.armType ?? 0 }
+        ) * (ai.generalPolicy.can('모병') ? 2 : 1)
+    );
+    const riceCost = crewType ? (crewType.rice * getTechCost(tech) * crewAmount) / 100 : 0;
+    trace('recruit-cost', {
+        crewTypeId: crewType?.id ?? null,
+        crewCost: crewType?.cost ?? null,
+        crewRice: crewType?.rice ?? null,
+        tech,
+        crewAmount,
+        goldCost,
+        riceCost,
+    });
 
     if ((relGold + relRice) * 1.5 <= goldCost + riceCost) {
         return null;
@@ -55,9 +115,15 @@ export const do금쌀구매 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
     }
 
     if (tryBuying) {
-        const amount = valueFit(Math.floor((relGold - relRice) / (1 + deathRate)), 100, ai.maxResourceActionAmount);
+        const amount = valueFit(
+            Math.floor((relGold - relRice) / (1 + deathRate)),
+            100,
+            ai.aiConst.maxResourceActionAmount
+        );
         if (amount >= ai.nationPolicy.minimumResourceActionAmount) {
-            return ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_군량매매', { buyRice: true, amount }, '금쌀구매');
+            const result = ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_군량매매', { buyRice: true, amount }, '금쌀구매');
+            trace('buy', { amount, minimumResourceActionAmount: ai.nationPolicy.minimumResourceActionAmount, result });
+            return result;
         }
     }
 
@@ -73,7 +139,11 @@ export const do금쌀구매 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
     }
 
     if (trySelling) {
-        const amount = valueFit(Math.floor((relRice - relGold) / (1 + deathRate)), 100, ai.maxResourceActionAmount);
+        const amount = valueFit(
+            Math.floor((relRice - relGold) / (1 + deathRate)),
+            100,
+            ai.aiConst.maxResourceActionAmount
+        );
         if (amount >= ai.nationPolicy.minimumResourceActionAmount) {
             return ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_군량매매', { buyRice: false, amount }, '금쌀구매');
         }
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/politicsActions.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/politicsActions.ts
index b9f094a8..c8ba6d4b 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/politicsActions.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/politicsActions.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { searchDistance } from '@sammo-ts/logic/world/distance.js';
+import { searchDistance, searchDistanceEntries } from '@sammo-ts/logic/world/distance.js';
 
 import type { GeneralAI } from '../core.js';
 import { asRecord, readMetaNumber, valueFit } from '../../aiUtils.js';
@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@ export const do국가선택 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
             return null;
         }
         if (ai.world.currentYear < ai.startYear + 3) {
-            const nations = ai.worldRef.listNations();
+            // Ref queries the nation table, which has no synthetic neutral row.
+            const nations = ai.worldRef.listNations().filter((nation) => nation.id > 0);
             const nationCount = nations.length;
             const notFullNationCount = nations.filter((nation) => {
                 const count = ai.worldRef!.listGenerals().filter((general) => general.nationId === nation.id).length;
@@ -104,18 +105,16 @@ export const do거병 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
             .map((c) => c.id)
     );
     for (const general of ai.worldRef.listGenerals()) {
-        if (general.officerLevel === 12 && general.nationId === 0) {
+        // Ref joins through city and checks city.nation=0. A ruler of a newly
+        // raised wandering nation therefore still occupies its neutral city.
+        if (general.officerLevel === 12 && ai.worldRef.getCityById(general.cityId)?.nationId === 0) {
             occupied.add(general.cityId);
         }
     }
 
     let availableNearCity = false;
-    const nearby = searchDistance(ai.map, ai.general.cityId, 3);
-    for (const [targetCityId, dist] of Object.entries(nearby)) {
-        const cityId = Number(targetCityId);
-        if (!Number.isFinite(cityId)) {
-            continue;
-        }
+    const nearby = searchDistanceEntries(ai.map, ai.general.cityId, 3);
+    for (const [cityId, dist] of nearby) {
         if (occupied.has(cityId)) {
             continue;
         }
@@ -159,7 +158,10 @@ export const do건국 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
             ? (ai.rng.choice(ai.aiConst.availableNationTypes) as string)
             : 'che_도적';
     const colorType = ai.rng.nextRangeInt(0, 32);
-    const nationName = `㉿${Array.from(ai.general.name).slice(1).join('')}`;
+    // Ref stores the NPC display prefix in general.name and removes it here.
+    // Core's installed scenario rows keep the prefix in npcState instead.
+    const characters = Array.from(ai.general.name);
+    const nationName = `㉿${characters[0] === 'ⓝ' ? characters.slice(1).join('') : ai.general.name}`;
 
     const result = ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_건국', { nationName, nationType, colorType }, '건국');
     if (result) {
@@ -198,13 +200,13 @@ export const do방랑군이동 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
     if (!city || !ai.map || !ai.worldRef) {
         return null;
     }
-    const lordCities = ai.worldRef
-        .listGenerals()
-        .filter((general) => general.officerLevel === 12 && general.nationId === 0)
-        .map((general) => general.cityId);
-    if (lordCities.filter((cityId) => cityId === city.id).length <= 1 && [5, 6].includes(city.level)) {
+    const rulers = ai.worldRef.listGenerals().filter((general) => general.officerLevel === 12);
+    if (rulers.filter((general) => general.cityId === city.id).length <= 1 && [5, 6].includes(city.level)) {
         return null;
     }
+    const lordCities = rulers
+        .filter((general) => ai.worldRef!.getCityById(general.cityId)?.nationId === 0)
+        .map((general) => general.cityId);
 
     const occupied = new Set(
         ai.worldRef
@@ -222,11 +224,10 @@ export const do방랑군이동 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
     }
 
     if (movingTargetCityId === null) {
-        const nearby = searchDistance(ai.map, city.id, 4);
+        const nearby = searchDistanceEntries(ai.map, city.id, 4);
         const candidates: Array<[number, number]> = [];
-        for (const [cityIdRaw, dist] of Object.entries(nearby)) {
-            const cityId = Number(cityIdRaw);
-            if (!Number.isFinite(cityId) || occupied.has(cityId)) {
+        for (const [cityId, dist] of nearby) {
+            if (occupied.has(cityId)) {
                 continue;
             }
             const target = ai.worldRef.getCityById(cityId);
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/recruitActions.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/recruitActions.ts
index 1c68b204..e70a682f 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/recruitActions.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/recruitActions.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import {
 } from '@sammo-ts/logic/world/unitSet.js';
 import { buildWarConfig } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actions/turn/actionContextHelpers.js';
 import type { CrewTypeDefinition, General, WarArmTypes } from '@sammo-ts/logic';
+import { GeneralActionPipeline } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actionModules/general.js';
 
 import type { GeneralAI } from '../core.js';
 import { asRecord, readMetaNumber, roundTo } from '../../aiUtils.js';
@@ -40,26 +41,46 @@ const getRequiredTech = (crewType: CrewTypeDefinition): number | null => {
 };
 
 export const do징병 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
+    const traceEnabled = (process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_GENERAL_IDS?.split(',') ?? []).includes(String(ai.general.id));
+    const trace = (stage: string, values: Record<string, unknown> = {}) => {
+        if (traceEnabled) {
+            process.stdout.write(
+                `AI_RECRUIT_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({ generalId: ai.general.id, stage, ...values })}\n`
+            );
+        }
+    };
     const city = ai.city;
     const nation = ai.nation;
     if (!city || !nation || !ai.unitSet || !ai.map) {
+        trace('missing-context');
         return null;
     }
     if ([0, 1].includes(ai.dipState)) {
+        trace('diplomacy', { dipState: ai.dipState });
         return null;
     }
     if (!(ai.genType & t통솔장)) {
+        trace('general-type', { genType: ai.genType });
         return null;
     }
     if (ai.general.crew >= ai.nationPolicy.minWarCrew) {
+        trace('existing-crew', { crew: ai.general.crew, minWarCrew: ai.nationPolicy.minWarCrew });
         return null;
     }
 
     const generalMeta = asRecord(ai.general.meta);
     const fullLeadership = readMetaNumber(generalMeta, 'fullLeadership', ai.general.stats.leadership);
+    trace('population-policy', {
+        population: city.population,
+        populationMax: city.populationMax,
+        safeRatio: ai.nationPolicy.safeRecruitCityPopulationRatio,
+        minPopulation: ai.nationPolicy.minNpcRecruitCityPopulation,
+        canLimitRecruit: ai.generalPolicy.can('한계징병'),
+    });
     if (!ai.generalPolicy.can('한계징병')) {
         const remainPop = city.population - ai.nationPolicy.minNpcRecruitCityPopulation - fullLeadership * 100;
         if (remainPop <= 0) {
+            trace('population-floor', { remainPop, fullLeadership });
             return null;
         }
         const maxPop = city.populationMax - ai.nationPolicy.minNpcRecruitCityPopulation;
@@ -67,6 +88,7 @@ export const do징병 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
             city.population / city.populationMax < ai.nationPolicy.safeRecruitCityPopulationRatio &&
             ai.rng.nextBool(remainPop / Math.max(1, maxPop))
         ) {
+            trace('population-random', { remainPop, maxPop, fullLeadership });
             return null;
         }
     }
@@ -82,10 +104,22 @@ export const do징병 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
     ) {
         forcedArmType = 0;
     }
-    const armType =
-        forcedArmType > 0
-            ? forcedArmType
-            : ai.rng.choiceUsingWeightPair(buildRecruitArmTypeWeights(ai.general, warConfig.armTypes));
+    const armTypeWeights = forcedArmType > 0 ? [] : buildRecruitArmTypeWeights(ai.general, warConfig.armTypes);
+    let armTypeDraw: number | null = null;
+    const armType = forcedArmType > 0
+        ? forcedArmType
+        : traceEnabled
+          ? (() => {
+                armTypeDraw = ai.rng.nextFloat1();
+                let cursor = armTypeDraw * armTypeWeights.reduce((sum, [, weight]) => sum + Math.max(0, weight), 0);
+                for (const [candidate, weight] of armTypeWeights) {
+                    if (cursor <= weight) return candidate;
+                    cursor -= Math.max(0, weight);
+                }
+                return armTypeWeights.at(-1)![0];
+            })()
+          : ai.rng.choiceUsingWeightPair(armTypeWeights);
+    trace('arm-type', { forcedArmType, armType, armTypeDraw, armTypeWeights });
 
     const candidates = (ai.unitSet?.crewTypes ?? [])
         .filter((crew) => crew.armType === armType)
@@ -100,11 +134,17 @@ export const do징병 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
             })
         );
     if (candidates.length === 0) {
+        trace('no-crew-type', { armType });
         return null;
     }
     let picked = ai.rng.choiceUsingWeightPair(
         candidates.map((crew) => [crew, getCrewTypePickScore(crew, tech, warConfig.armPerPhase)])
     );
+    trace('crew-type', {
+        armType,
+        candidates: candidates.map((crew) => [crew.id, getCrewTypePickScore(crew, tech, warConfig.armPerPhase)]),
+        picked: picked.id,
+    });
     if (ai.generalPolicy.can('고급병종')) {
         const currentCrewType = findCrewTypeById(ai.unitSet, ai.general.crewTypeId);
         if (
@@ -130,7 +170,39 @@ export const do징병 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
     const crewTypeId = picked.id;
 
     let crewAmount = crewAmountBase;
-    const goldCost = (picked.cost * getTechCost(tech) * crewAmount) / 100;
+    const rawGoldCost = (picked.cost * getTechCost(tech) * crewAmount) / 100;
+    // Ref asks the concrete che_징병 command for getCost() before deciding
+    // whether to halve the requested crew. That path includes personality,
+    // traits, items, and the final integer rounding; using the raw unit price
+    // makes che_출세 (+20% cost) recruit a full stack incorrectly.
+    const actionPipeline = new GeneralActionPipeline(ai.commandEnv.generalActionModules ?? []);
+    const goldCost = Math.round(
+        actionPipeline.onCalcDomestic(
+            {
+                general: ai.general,
+                nation,
+                ...(ai.worldRef
+                    ? {
+                          worldView: {
+                              listGenerals: () => ai.worldRef!.listGenerals(),
+                              listGeneralsByCity: (cityId: number) =>
+                                  ai.worldRef!.listGenerals().filter((candidate) => candidate.cityId === cityId),
+                              listNations: () => ai.worldRef!.listNations(),
+                          },
+                      }
+                    : {}),
+                time: {
+                    year: ai.world.currentYear,
+                    month: ai.world.currentMonth,
+                    startYear: ai.startYear,
+                },
+            },
+            '징병',
+            'cost',
+            rawGoldCost,
+            { armType: picked.armType }
+        )
+    );
     const killCrew = readMetaNumber(generalMeta, 'rank_killcrew', readMetaNumber(generalMeta, 'killcrew', 0));
     const deathCrew = readMetaNumber(generalMeta, 'rank_deathcrew', readMetaNumber(generalMeta, 'deathcrew', 0));
     const expectedCrewLoss = Math.floor((crewAmount * killCrew * 1.2) / Math.max(deathCrew, 1));
@@ -139,6 +211,7 @@ export const do징병 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
     const remainingGold = ai.general.gold - fullLeadership * 3;
     const remainingRice = ai.general.rice - fullLeadership * 4;
     if (remainingGold <= 0 || remainingRice <= 0) {
+        trace('reserve-floor', { remainingGold, remainingRice, fullLeadership });
         return null;
     }
 
@@ -156,8 +229,18 @@ export const do징병 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
     }
 
     if (!ai.generalPolicy.can('한계징병') && remainingRice * 1.1 <= riceCost) {
+        trace('rice-cost', { remainingGold, remainingRice, goldCost, riceCost, crewAmount, crewTypeId });
         return null;
     }
 
-    return ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_징병', { crewType: crewTypeId, amount: crewAmount }, '징병');
+    const result = ai.buildGeneralCandidate('che_징병', { crewType: crewTypeId, amount: crewAmount }, '징병');
+    trace(result ? 'selected' : 'constraint', {
+        remainingGold,
+        remainingRice,
+        goldCost,
+        riceCost,
+        crewAmount,
+        crewTypeId,
+    });
+    return result;
 };
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/warpActions.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/warpActions.ts
index 2948059f..98161ba4 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/warpActions.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/warpActions.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import type { GeneralAI } from '../core.js';
-import { asRecord, readRequiredMetaNumber } from '../../aiUtils.js';
+import { asRecord, readMetaNumber, readRequiredMetaNumber } from '../../aiUtils.js';
 import { t통솔장 } from './helpers.js';
 
 export const do후방워프 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
@@ -20,11 +20,13 @@ export const do후방워프 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
         return null;
     }
 
-    let minRecruitPop = ai.general.stats.leadership * 100 + ai.aiConst.minAvailableRecruitPop;
+    // Ref uses getLeadership(false): item/officer bonuses included, injury ignored.
+    const fullLeadership = readMetaNumber(asRecord(ai.general.meta), 'fullLeadership', ai.general.stats.leadership);
+    let minRecruitPop = fullLeadership * 100 + ai.aiConst.minAvailableRecruitPop;
     if (!ai.generalPolicy.can('한계징병')) {
         minRecruitPop = Math.max(
             minRecruitPop,
-            ai.general.stats.leadership * 100 + ai.nationPolicy.minNpcRecruitCityPopulation
+            fullLeadership * 100 + ai.nationPolicy.minNpcRecruitCityPopulation
         );
     }
 
@@ -82,6 +84,12 @@ export const do후방워프 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
         return null;
     }
 
+    if ((process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_GENERAL_IDS?.split(',') ?? []).includes(String(ai.general.id))) {
+        process.stdout.write(
+            `AI_WARP_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({ generalId: ai.general.id, kind: 'rear', fullLeadership, minRecruitPop, recruitable })}\n`
+        );
+    }
+
     return ai.buildGeneralCandidate(
         'che_NPC능동',
         { optionText: '순간이동', destCityId: ai.rng.choiceUsingWeight(recruitable) },
@@ -158,7 +166,6 @@ export const do내정워프 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
     }
 
     ai.categorizeNationCities();
-    ai.categorizeNationGeneral();
     const candidateCities: Record<number, number> = {};
     for (const candidate of Object.values(ai.supplyCities)) {
         if (candidate.id === city.id) {
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/nation/assignments/npcAssignments.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/nation/assignments/npcAssignments.ts
index 74f80314..d0cbf62b 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/nation/assignments/npcAssignments.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/nation/assignments/npcAssignments.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import type { GeneralAI } from '../../core.js';
-import { buildAssignmentCandidate, pickFrontCityWeight, pickRandomCityId, resolveCityPopRatio, selectRecruitableCity } from '../helpers.js';
+import { GeneralActionPipeline } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actionModules/general.js';
+import { buildAssignmentCandidate, pickFrontCityWeight, pickRandomCityId, resolveCityPopRatio } from '../helpers.js';
 
 export const doNPC후방발령 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
     if (!ai.nation || !ai.nation.capitalCityId) {
@@ -12,6 +13,26 @@ export const doNPC후방발령 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
         return null;
     }
 
+    const actionPipeline = new GeneralActionPipeline(ai.commandEnv.generalActionModules ?? []);
+    const actionContext = (general: GeneralAI['general']) => ({
+        general,
+        nation: ai.nation,
+        ...(ai.worldRef
+            ? {
+                  worldView: {
+                      listGenerals: () => ai.worldRef!.listGenerals(),
+                      listGeneralsByCity: (cityId: number) =>
+                          ai.worldRef!.listGenerals().filter((candidate) => candidate.cityId === cityId),
+                      listNations: () => ai.worldRef!.listNations(),
+                  },
+              }
+            : {}),
+        time: {
+            year: ai.world.currentYear,
+            month: ai.world.currentMonth,
+            startYear: ai.startYear,
+        },
+    });
     const candidates = Object.values(ai.npcWarGenerals).filter((general) => {
         if (general.id === ai.general.id) {
             return false;
@@ -29,16 +50,56 @@ export const doNPC후방발령 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
         if (general.crew >= ai.nationPolicy.minWarCrew) {
             return false;
         }
+        if (actionPipeline.onCalcDomestic(actionContext(general), '징집인구', 'score', 100) <= 1) {
+            return false;
+        }
         return true;
     });
 
     if (candidates.length === 0) {
         return null;
     }
+    if (Object.keys(ai.supplyCities).length === 1) {
+        return null;
+    }
 
     const picked = ai.rng.choice(candidates);
-    const minPop = picked.stats.leadership * 100 + ai.aiConst.minAvailableRecruitPop;
-    const destCityCandidates = selectRecruitableCity(ai, minPop);
+    const fullLeadership = actionPipeline.onCalcStat(
+        actionContext(picked),
+        'leadership',
+        picked.stats.leadership
+    ) as number;
+    const minPop = Math.max(
+        fullLeadership * 100 + ai.aiConst.minAvailableRecruitPop,
+        fullLeadership * 100 + ai.nationPolicy.minNpcRecruitCityPopulation
+    );
+    const destCityCandidates: Record<number, number> = {};
+    for (const city of Object.values(ai.backupCities)) {
+        const ratio = resolveCityPopRatio(city);
+        if (
+            city.id !== ai.city?.id &&
+            city.population >= ai.nationPolicy.minNpcRecruitCityPopulation &&
+            city.population >= minPop &&
+            ratio >= ai.nationPolicy.safeRecruitCityPopulationRatio
+        ) {
+            destCityCandidates[city.id] = ratio;
+        }
+    }
+    if (Object.keys(destCityCandidates).length === 0) {
+        for (const city of Object.values(ai.supplyCities)) {
+            const ratio = resolveCityPopRatio(city);
+            if (
+                city.id !== ai.city?.id &&
+                city.population >= ai.nationPolicy.minNpcRecruitCityPopulation &&
+                city.population > minPop &&
+                ratio >= ai.nationPolicy.safeRecruitCityPopulationRatio
+            ) {
+                // Ref contains a non-assigning `pop_ratio / 2` expression for
+                // front cities, so the persisted behavior keeps this weight.
+                destCityCandidates[city.id] = ratio;
+            }
+        }
+    }
     if (Object.keys(destCityCandidates).length === 0) {
         return null;
     }
@@ -102,12 +163,14 @@ export const doNPC전방발령 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
         return null;
     }
 
+    // Ref consumes the general draw before the weighted front-city draw.
+    // Reversing these two calls keeps the seed but assigns a different person.
+    const destGeneral = ai.rng.choice(candidates);
     const cityCandidates = pickFrontCityWeight(ai);
     const destCityId = Number(ai.rng.choiceUsingWeight(cityCandidates));
     if (!Number.isFinite(destCityId)) {
         return null;
     }
-    const destGeneral = ai.rng.choice(candidates);
     return buildAssignmentCandidate(ai, destGeneral.id, destCityId, 'NPC전방발령');
 };
 
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/nation/rewards.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/nation/rewards.ts
index 2f8a5a43..f75d0e51 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/nation/rewards.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/ai/generalAi/nation/rewards.ts
@@ -2,9 +2,40 @@ import type { GeneralAI } from '../core.js';
 import { findCrewTypeById, getTechCost } from '@sammo-ts/logic/world/unitSet.js';
 import type { TurnGeneral } from '../../../types.js';
 import { asRecord, readMetaNumber, readRequiredMetaNumber } from '../../aiUtils.js';
-import { buildAwardCandidate, buildSeizureCandidate, pickWeightedCandidate } from './helpers.js';
+import { buildAwardCandidate, buildSeizureCandidate } from './helpers.js';
 
 type ResourceName = 'gold' | 'rice';
+type ResourceCandidate = [{ destGeneralId: number; amount: number; isGold: boolean }, number];
+
+const pickResourceCandidate = (
+    ai: GeneralAI,
+    action: 'award' | 'seizure',
+    candidates: ResourceCandidate[],
+    reason: string
+) => {
+    if (candidates.length === 0) {
+        return null;
+    }
+    // Ref chooses the raw argument tuple first and only then checks the
+    // command's full constraints.  The draw is therefore observable even
+    // when the selected command is rejected.  Building/filtering every
+    // command before the draw shifts the shared nation/general AI stream.
+    const selected = ai.rng.choiceUsingWeightPair(candidates);
+    if ((process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_GENERAL_IDS?.split(',') ?? []).includes(String(ai.general.id))) {
+        process.stdout.write(
+            `AI_REWARD_SELECTION_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({
+                engine: 'core',
+                actor: ai.general.id,
+                reason,
+                candidates,
+                selected,
+            })}\n`
+        );
+    }
+    return action === 'award'
+        ? buildAwardCandidate(ai, selected.destGeneralId, selected.amount, selected.isGold, reason)
+        : buildSeizureCandidate(ai, selected.destGeneralId, selected.amount, selected.isGold, reason);
+};
 
 const clampLegacy = (value: number, min: number | null, max: number | null): number => {
     if (min !== null && max !== null && max < min) {
@@ -13,13 +44,30 @@ const clampLegacy = (value: number, min: number | null, max: number | null): num
     return Math.max(min ?? -Infinity, Math.min(max ?? Infinity, value));
 };
 
-const getFullLeadership = (general: TurnGeneral): number =>
-    readMetaNumber(asRecord(general.meta), 'fullLeadership', general.stats.leadership);
+const getFullLeadership = (ai: GeneralAI, general: TurnGeneral): number => {
+    const nationLevel = ai.nation?.level ?? 0;
+    const officerBonus = general.officerLevel === 12 ? nationLevel * 2 : general.officerLevel >= 5 ? nationLevel : 0;
+    const maxStat = ai.commandEnv.maxStatLevel ?? ai.scenarioConfig.stat.max;
+    return Math.max(0, Math.min(general.stats.leadership + officerBonus, maxStat));
+};
 
-const getCrewGoldCost = (ai: GeneralAI, general: TurnGeneral, multiplier: number): number => {
+const getCrewGoldCost = (
+    ai: GeneralAI,
+    general: TurnGeneral,
+    baseMultiplier: number,
+    finalMultiplier = 1
+): number => {
     const crewType = findCrewTypeById(ai.unitSet, general.crewTypeId ?? ai.commandEnv.defaultCrewTypeId);
     const tech = readMetaNumber(asRecord(ai.nation?.meta), 'tech', 0);
-    return (crewType?.cost ?? 0) * getTechCost(tech) * getFullLeadership(general) * multiplier;
+    // Ref evaluates costWithTech() first, including its `/ 100`, and then
+    // applies `* 100 * baseMultiplier * finalMultiplier` from GeneralAI.
+    // Keeping that operation order is observable at exact resource boundaries
+    // (for example 3036 versus 3036.0000000000005).
+    return (
+        ((((crewType?.cost ?? 0) * getTechCost(tech) * getFullLeadership(ai, general)) / 100) * 100 *
+            baseMultiplier) *
+        finalMultiplier
+    );
 };
 
 const sortedByResource = (generals: Record<number, TurnGeneral>, resource: ResourceName, descending = false) =>
@@ -35,7 +83,7 @@ export const do유저장긴급포상 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
     if (!nation) {
         return null;
     }
-    const candidates: Array<[ReturnType<GeneralAI['buildNationCandidate']>, number]> = [];
+    const candidates: ResourceCandidate[] = [];
     const resourceMap: Array<[ResourceName, number]> = [
         ['gold', ai.nationPolicy.reqHumanWarUrgentGold],
         ['rice', ai.nationPolicy.reqHumanWarUrgentRice],
@@ -50,7 +98,7 @@ export const do유저장긴급포상 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
             if (!canUseGeneral(general)) {
                 continue;
             }
-            let required = getCrewGoldCost(ai, general, 3 * 1.1);
+            let required = getCrewGoldCost(ai, general, 3, 1.1);
             if (ai.world.currentYear > ai.startYear + 3) {
                 required = Math.max(required, minimum);
             }
@@ -64,14 +112,11 @@ export const do유저장긴급포상 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
                 continue;
             }
             amount = clampLegacy(amount, 100, ai.maxResourceActionAmount);
-            candidates.push([
-                buildAwardCandidate(ai, general.id, amount, resKey === 'gold', '유저장긴급포상'),
-                generals.length - index,
-            ]);
+            candidates.push([{ destGeneralId: general.id, amount, isGold: resKey === 'gold' }, generals.length - index]);
         }
     }
 
-    return pickWeightedCandidate(ai, candidates);
+    return pickResourceCandidate(ai, 'award', candidates, '유저장긴급포상');
 };
 
 export const do유저장포상 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
@@ -79,7 +124,7 @@ export const do유저장포상 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
     if (!nation) {
         return null;
     }
-    const candidates: Array<[ReturnType<GeneralAI['buildNationCandidate']>, number]> = [];
+    const candidates: ResourceCandidate[] = [];
     const resourceMap: Array<[ResourceName, number, number, number]> = [
         [
             'gold',
@@ -109,7 +154,7 @@ export const do유저장포상 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
             }
             let enough: number;
             if (ai.userWarGenerals[general.id]) {
-                let required = getCrewGoldCost(ai, general, 6 * 1.1);
+                let required = getCrewGoldCost(ai, general, 6, 1.1);
                 if (ai.world.currentYear > ai.startYear + 3) {
                     required = Math.max(required, warMinimum);
                 }
@@ -126,14 +171,11 @@ export const do유저장포상 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
                 continue;
             }
             amount = clampLegacy(amount, 100, ai.maxResourceActionAmount);
-            candidates.push([
-                buildAwardCandidate(ai, general.id, amount, resKey === 'gold', '유저장포상'),
-                generals.length - index,
-            ]);
+            candidates.push([{ destGeneralId: general.id, amount, isGold: resKey === 'gold' }, generals.length - index]);
         }
     }
 
-    return pickWeightedCandidate(ai, candidates);
+    return pickResourceCandidate(ai, 'award', candidates, '유저장포상');
 };
 
 export const doNPC긴급포상 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
@@ -141,7 +183,7 @@ export const doNPC긴급포상 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
     if (!nation) {
         return null;
     }
-    const candidates: Array<[ReturnType<GeneralAI['buildNationCandidate']>, number]> = [];
+    const candidates: ResourceCandidate[] = [];
     const resourceMap: Array<[ResourceName, number, number]> = [
         ['gold', ai.nationPolicy.reqNationGold, ai.nationPolicy.reqNpcWarGold / 2],
         ['rice', ai.nationPolicy.reqNationRice, ai.nationPolicy.reqNpcWarRice / 2],
@@ -173,14 +215,11 @@ export const doNPC긴급포상 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
                 continue;
             }
             amount = clampLegacy(amount, 100, ai.maxResourceActionAmount);
-            candidates.push([
-                buildAwardCandidate(ai, general.id, amount, resKey === 'gold', 'NPC긴급포상'),
-                generals.length - index,
-            ]);
+            candidates.push([{ destGeneralId: general.id, amount, isGold: resKey === 'gold' }, generals.length - index]);
         }
     }
 
-    return pickWeightedCandidate(ai, candidates);
+    return pickResourceCandidate(ai, 'award', candidates, 'NPC긴급포상');
 };
 
 export const doNPC포상 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
@@ -188,7 +227,7 @@ export const doNPC포상 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
     if (!nation) {
         return null;
     }
-    const candidates: Array<[ReturnType<GeneralAI['buildNationCandidate']>, number]> = [];
+    const candidates: ResourceCandidate[] = [];
     const resourceMap: Array<[ResourceName, number, number, number]> = [
         ['gold', ai.nationPolicy.reqNationGold, ai.nationPolicy.reqNpcWarGold, ai.nationPolicy.reqNpcDevelGold],
         ['rice', ai.nationPolicy.reqNationRice, ai.nationPolicy.reqNpcWarRice, ai.nationPolicy.reqNpcDevelRice],
@@ -208,7 +247,7 @@ export const doNPC포상 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
             if (!canUseGeneral(general)) {
                 continue;
             }
-            let required = getCrewGoldCost(ai, general, 3 * 1.1);
+            let required = getCrewGoldCost(ai, general, 3, 1.1);
             if (ai.world.currentYear > ai.startYear + 5) {
                 required = Math.max(required, warMinimum);
             }
@@ -222,10 +261,23 @@ export const doNPC포상 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
                 continue;
             }
             amount = clampLegacy(amount, 100, ai.maxResourceActionAmount);
-            candidates.push([
-                buildAwardCandidate(ai, general.id, amount, resKey === 'gold', 'NPC포상'),
-                weightBase - index,
-            ]);
+            if ((process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_GENERAL_IDS?.split(',') ?? []).includes(String(ai.general.id))) {
+                process.stdout.write(
+                    `AI_REWARD_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({
+                        engine: 'core',
+                        actor: ai.general.id,
+                        target: general.id,
+                        resource: resKey,
+                        nationResource: nation[resKey],
+                        targetResource: general[resKey],
+                        required,
+                        enough,
+                        maxResourceActionAmount: ai.maxResourceActionAmount,
+                        amount,
+                    })}\n`
+                );
+            }
+            candidates.push([{ destGeneralId: general.id, amount, isGold: resKey === 'gold' }, weightBase - index]);
         }
         for (const [index, general] of civilGenerals.entries()) {
             if (general[resKey] >= civilMinimum) {
@@ -239,14 +291,11 @@ export const doNPC포상 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
                 continue;
             }
             amount = clampLegacy(amount, 100, ai.maxResourceActionAmount);
-            candidates.push([
-                buildAwardCandidate(ai, general.id, amount, resKey === 'gold', 'NPC포상'),
-                weightBase - index,
-            ]);
+            candidates.push([{ destGeneralId: general.id, amount, isGold: resKey === 'gold' }, weightBase - index]);
         }
     }
 
-    return pickWeightedCandidate(ai, candidates);
+    return pickResourceCandidate(ai, 'award', candidates, 'NPC포상');
 };
 
 export const doNPC몰수 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
@@ -254,7 +303,7 @@ export const doNPC몰수 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
     if (!nation) {
         return null;
     }
-    const candidates: Array<[ReturnType<GeneralAI['buildNationCandidate']>, number]> = [];
+    const candidates: ResourceCandidate[] = [];
     const resourceMap: Array<[ResourceName, number, number, number]> = [
         ['gold', ai.nationPolicy.reqNationGold, ai.nationPolicy.reqNpcWarGold, ai.nationPolicy.reqNpcDevelGold],
         ['rice', ai.nationPolicy.reqNationRice, ai.nationPolicy.reqNpcWarRice, ai.nationPolicy.reqNpcDevelRice],
@@ -269,7 +318,7 @@ export const doNPC몰수 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
             if (amount < ai.nationPolicy.minimumResourceActionAmount) {
                 break;
             }
-            candidates.push([buildSeizureCandidate(ai, general.id, amount, resKey === 'gold', 'NPC몰수'), amount]);
+            candidates.push([{ destGeneralId: general.id, amount, isGold: resKey === 'gold' }, amount]);
         }
 
         const nationDelta = nationMinimum * 1.5 - nation[resKey];
@@ -294,9 +343,9 @@ export const doNPC몰수 = (ai: GeneralAI) => {
                 break;
             }
             amount = clampLegacy(amount, 100, ai.maxResourceActionAmount);
-            candidates.push([buildSeizureCandidate(ai, general.id, amount, resKey === 'gold', 'NPC몰수'), amount]);
+            candidates.push([{ destGeneralId: general.id, amount, isGold: resKey === 'gold' }, amount]);
         }
     }
 
-    return pickWeightedCandidate(ai, candidates);
+    return pickResourceCandidate(ai, 'seizure', candidates, 'NPC몰수');
 };
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/databaseHooks.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/databaseHooks.ts
index ca982116..8d25dbd0 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/databaseHooks.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/databaseHooks.ts
@@ -474,9 +474,11 @@ const buildNationUpdate = (
     color: nation.color,
     capitalCityId: nation.capitalCityId,
     chiefGeneralId: nation.chiefGeneralId,
-    gold: nation.gold,
-    rice: nation.rice,
-    tech: typeof nation.meta.tech === 'number' && Number.isFinite(nation.meta.tech) ? Math.trunc(nation.meta.tech) : 0,
+    gold: toLegacyDatabaseInt(nation.gold),
+    rice: toLegacyDatabaseInt(nation.rice),
+    // Ref persists nation.tech as FLOAT. Domestic research commonly produces
+    // tenths, and truncating here changes the following month's state/power.
+    tech: typeof nation.meta.tech === 'number' && Number.isFinite(nation.meta.tech) ? nation.meta.tech : 0,
     level: nation.level,
     typeCode: nation.typeCode,
     meta: asJson({
@@ -755,11 +757,11 @@ export const createDatabaseTurnHooks = async (
                         color: nation.color,
                         capitalCityId: nation.capitalCityId,
                         chiefGeneralId: nation.chiefGeneralId,
-                        gold: nation.gold,
-                        rice: nation.rice,
+                        gold: toLegacyDatabaseInt(nation.gold),
+                        rice: toLegacyDatabaseInt(nation.rice),
                         tech:
                             typeof nation.meta.tech === 'number' && Number.isFinite(nation.meta.tech)
-                                ? Math.trunc(nation.meta.tech)
+                                ? nation.meta.tech
                                 : 0,
                         level: nation.level,
                         typeCode: nation.typeCode,
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/inMemoryTurnProcessor.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/inMemoryTurnProcessor.ts
index ee473d8e..c851d842 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/inMemoryTurnProcessor.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/inMemoryTurnProcessor.ts
@@ -57,7 +57,18 @@ export class InMemoryTurnProcessor implements TurnProcessor {
         let generalPartial = false;
         let nextCheckpoint: TurnCheckpoint | undefined = undefined;
 
-        const dueGenerals = this.world.listDueGenerals(targetTime, checkpoint);
+        const previousLastTurnTime = this.world.getState().lastTurnTime;
+        const firstTickTime = getNextTickTime(previousLastTurnTime, this.tickMinutes);
+        // Ref processes `turntime < monthlyBoundary` before the monthly turn. A
+        // general exactly on the boundary therefore runs only after that month
+        // has advanced, on the daemon's following pass.
+        const useStrictGeneralCutoff =
+            firstTickTime.getTime() === targetTime.getTime() || targetTime.getTime() <= previousLastTurnTime.getTime();
+        const generalCutoff =
+            useStrictGeneralCutoff
+                ? new Date(targetTime.getTime() - 1)
+                : targetTime;
+        const dueGenerals = this.world.listDueGenerals(generalCutoff, checkpoint);
         for (const general of dueGenerals) {
             if (processedGenerals >= budget.maxGenerals || isBudgetExpired()) {
                 partial = true;
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/inMemoryWorld.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/inMemoryWorld.ts
index 378cfc13..02fb35d9 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/inMemoryWorld.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/inMemoryWorld.ts
@@ -233,15 +233,76 @@ const mergeTriggerState = (
     meta: { ...base.meta, ...(patch.meta ?? {}) },
 });
 
-const applyGeneralPatch = (base: TurnGeneral, patch: Partial<TurnGeneral>): TurnGeneral => ({
-    ...base,
-    ...patch,
-    stats: patch.stats ? mergeStats(base.stats, patch.stats) : base.stats,
-    role: patch.role ? mergeRole(base.role, patch.role) : base.role,
-    triggerState: patch.triggerState ? mergeTriggerState(base.triggerState, patch.triggerState) : base.triggerState,
-    meta: patch.meta ? { ...base.meta, ...patch.meta } : base.meta,
+const toLegacyDatabaseInt = (value: number): number => {
+    if (!Number.isFinite(value)) return 0;
+    return value >= 0 ? Math.floor(value + 0.5) : Math.ceil(value - 0.5);
+};
+
+const LEGACY_INTEGER_GENERAL_META_KEYS = [
+    'leadership_exp',
+    'strength_exp',
+    'intel_exp',
+    'dex1',
+    'dex2',
+    'dex3',
+    'dex4',
+    'dex5',
+    'explevel',
+    'dedlevel',
+    'killturn',
+    'myset',
+] as const;
+
+const normalizeGeneralMetaDatabaseIntegers = (meta: TurnGeneral['meta']): TurnGeneral['meta'] => {
+    const normalized = { ...meta };
+    for (const key of LEGACY_INTEGER_GENERAL_META_KEYS) {
+        const value = normalized[key];
+        if (typeof value === 'number') {
+            normalized[key] = toLegacyDatabaseInt(value);
+        }
+    }
+    return normalized;
+};
+
+// Ref writes these values to MariaDB integer columns after every general turn.
+// Keeping fractional action results in memory until the monthly flush changes
+// later aggregation (notably nation power), even if the eventual DB rows look
+// identical after they are rounded.
+const normalizeGeneralDatabaseIntegers = (general: TurnGeneral): TurnGeneral => ({
+    ...general,
+    nationId: toLegacyDatabaseInt(general.nationId),
+    cityId: toLegacyDatabaseInt(general.cityId),
+    troopId: toLegacyDatabaseInt(general.troopId),
+    stats: {
+        leadership: toLegacyDatabaseInt(general.stats.leadership),
+        strength: toLegacyDatabaseInt(general.stats.strength),
+        intelligence: toLegacyDatabaseInt(general.stats.intelligence),
+    },
+    experience: toLegacyDatabaseInt(general.experience),
+    dedication: toLegacyDatabaseInt(general.dedication),
+    officerLevel: toLegacyDatabaseInt(general.officerLevel),
+    injury: toLegacyDatabaseInt(general.injury),
+    gold: toLegacyDatabaseInt(general.gold),
+    rice: toLegacyDatabaseInt(general.rice),
+    crew: toLegacyDatabaseInt(general.crew),
+    crewTypeId: toLegacyDatabaseInt(general.crewTypeId),
+    train: toLegacyDatabaseInt(general.train),
+    atmos: toLegacyDatabaseInt(general.atmos),
+    age: toLegacyDatabaseInt(general.age),
+    npcState: toLegacyDatabaseInt(general.npcState),
+    meta: normalizeGeneralMetaDatabaseIntegers(general.meta),
 });
 
+const applyGeneralPatch = (base: TurnGeneral, patch: Partial<TurnGeneral>): TurnGeneral =>
+    normalizeGeneralDatabaseIntegers({
+        ...base,
+        ...patch,
+        stats: patch.stats ? mergeStats(base.stats, patch.stats) : base.stats,
+        role: patch.role ? mergeRole(base.role, patch.role) : base.role,
+        triggerState: patch.triggerState ? mergeTriggerState(base.triggerState, patch.triggerState) : base.triggerState,
+        meta: patch.meta ? { ...base.meta, ...patch.meta } : base.meta,
+    });
+
 const applyCityPatch = (base: City, patch: Partial<City>): City => ({
     ...base,
     ...patch,
@@ -690,7 +751,7 @@ export class InMemoryTurnWorld {
         }
         const worldKillturn = resolveWorldKillturn(this.state.meta);
         const normalized = normalizeGeneralTurnTime({ ...general }, this.state.lastTurnTime);
-        const ensured = ensureGeneralKillturn(normalized, worldKillturn);
+        const ensured = normalizeGeneralDatabaseIntegers(ensureGeneralKillturn(normalized, worldKillturn));
         this.generals.set(general.id, ensured);
         this.dirtyGeneralIds.add(general.id);
         this.createdGeneralIds.add(general.id);
@@ -994,10 +1055,10 @@ export class InMemoryTurnWorld {
 
         const nextTurnAt = result.nextTurnAt ?? getNextTurnAt(currentGeneral.turnTime, this.schedule);
         if (!result.deleted?.general) {
-            const nextGeneral = {
+            const nextGeneral = normalizeGeneralDatabaseIntegers({
                 ...(result.general ?? currentGeneral),
                 turnTime: nextTurnAt,
-            };
+            });
             this.generals.set(nextGeneral.id, nextGeneral);
             this.dirtyGeneralIds.add(nextGeneral.id);
         }
@@ -1067,7 +1128,7 @@ export class InMemoryTurnWorld {
                 }
                 const worldKillturn = resolveWorldKillturn(this.state.meta);
                 const normalized = normalizeGeneralTurnTime({ ...createdGeneral }, this.state.lastTurnTime);
-                const ensured = ensureGeneralKillturn(normalized, worldKillturn);
+                const ensured = normalizeGeneralDatabaseIntegers(ensureGeneralKillturn(normalized, worldKillturn));
                 this.generals.set(createdGeneral.id, ensured);
                 this.dirtyGeneralIds.add(createdGeneral.id);
                 this.createdGeneralIds.add(createdGeneral.id);
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/incomeHandler.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/incomeHandler.ts
index bbbb8461..33205ce2 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/incomeHandler.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/incomeHandler.ts
@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@ import type { InMemoryTurnWorld, TurnCalendarHandler, TurnCalendarContext } from
 import { resolveAppliedNationRate } from './nationTaxRate.js';
 import type { TurnGeneral } from './types.js';
 
+const DEFAULT_BASE_GOLD = 0;
+const DEFAULT_BASE_RICE = 2_000;
+
 const resolveNumber = (source: Record<string, unknown>, keys: string[], fallback: number): number => {
     for (const key of keys) {
         const value = source[key];
@@ -97,8 +100,6 @@ const pushLogs = (world: InMemoryTurnWorld, logs: ReturnType<ActionLogger['flush
     }
 };
 
-const roundResource = (value: number): number => Math.round(value);
-
 const applyIncomeOutcome = (
     current: number,
     income: number,
@@ -144,7 +145,11 @@ const processIncomeForNation = (
             : getRiceIncome(incomeContext, nationCities, officerCounts, nation.capitalCityId ?? 0, nation.level) +
               getWallIncome(incomeContext, nationCities, officerCounts, nation.capitalCityId ?? 0, nation.level);
 
-    const incomeValue = roundResource(income);
+    // Ref calculates the payout ratio from the pre-persistence income value.
+    // Half-unit income (for example 943.5) is therefore not rounded before
+    // salaries are distributed, even though the integer nation column is
+    // rounded when the final state is flushed to MariaDB.
+    const incomeValue = income;
     const originOutcome = getOutcome(100, nationGenerals);
     const bill = resolveNationBill(nation);
     const outcome = Math.round((bill / 100) * originOutcome);
@@ -167,6 +172,14 @@ const processIncomeForNation = (
         type === 'gold' ? `이번 수입은 금 <C>${incomeText}</>입니다.` : `이번 수입은 쌀 <C>${incomeText}</>입니다.`;
     for (const general of nationGenerals) {
         const pay = Math.round(getBill(general.dedication) * ratio);
+        if (
+            process.env.SEED_PARITY_MONTHLY_RESOURCE_TRACE === '1' &&
+            (process.env.AI_TRACE_GENERAL_IDS ?? '').split(',').includes(String(general.id))
+        ) {
+            process.stdout.write(
+                `MONTHLY_RESOURCE_CORE ${JSON.stringify({ action: 'ProcessIncome', type, generalId: general.id, current: general[type], pay, ratio, originOutcome })}\n`
+            );
+        }
         if (type === 'gold') {
             world.updateGeneral(general.id, { gold: general.gold + pay });
         } else {
@@ -197,8 +210,8 @@ export const createIncomeHandler = (options: {
     nationTraits: Map<string, NationTraitModule>;
 }): IncomeHandler => {
     const constValues = asRecord(options.scenarioConfig.const);
-    const baseGold = resolveNumber(constValues, ['baseGold', 'basegold'], 0);
-    const baseRice = resolveNumber(constValues, ['baseRice', 'baserice'], 0);
+    const baseGold = resolveNumber(constValues, ['baseGold', 'basegold'], DEFAULT_BASE_GOLD);
+    const baseRice = resolveNumber(constValues, ['baseRice', 'baserice'], DEFAULT_BASE_RICE);
 
     const runResource = (type: 'gold' | 'rice'): void => {
         const world = options.getWorld();
@@ -217,6 +230,9 @@ export const createIncomeHandler = (options: {
         }
 
         for (const nation of nations) {
+            if (nation.id <= 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
             const nationGenerals = byNation.get(nation.id) ?? [];
             const officerCounts = buildOfficerCountMap(nationGenerals);
             processIncomeForNation(
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyChangeCityAction.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyChangeCityAction.ts
index 5b2e492b..8783a05b 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyChangeCityAction.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyChangeCityAction.ts
@@ -241,6 +241,11 @@ export const applyInitialChangeCityEvents = <T extends CitySeed>(
             throw new Error('Only unconditional initial events are supported.');
         }
         for (const rawAction of rawEvent.slice(1)) {
+            if (Array.isArray(rawAction) && rawAction[0] === 'NoticeToHistoryLog') {
+                // Initial history logging is handled by the install history
+                // boundary; it has no city-state effect here.
+                continue;
+            }
             if (!Array.isArray(rawAction) || rawAction[0] !== 'ChangeCity') {
                 throw new Error('Only ChangeCity initial actions are supported.');
             }
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyDisasterAction.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyDisasterAction.ts
index 08b5b311..99a341ef 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyDisasterAction.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyDisasterAction.ts
@@ -134,6 +134,7 @@ export const createRaiseDisasterHandler = (options: {
             const securityRatio = clamp(city.security / city.securityMax / 0.8, 0, 1);
             const affectRatio = isGood ? 1.01 + securityRatio * 0.04 : 0.8 + securityRatio * 0.15;
             const trust = typeof city.meta.trust === 'number' ? city.meta.trust : 0;
+            const storedTrust = Math.fround(isGood ? Math.min(trust * affectRatio, 100) : trust * affectRatio);
             world.updateCity(city.id, {
                 state: picked.stateCode,
                 population: roundLegacyIntegerColumn(
@@ -158,9 +159,25 @@ export const createRaiseDisasterHandler = (options: {
                 ),
                 meta: {
                     ...city.meta,
-                    trust: isGood ? Math.min(trust * affectRatio, 100) : trust * affectRatio,
+                    // Ref assigns the SQL expression to a MariaDB FLOAT
+                    // column at each disaster event boundary.
+                    trust: storedTrust,
                 },
             });
+            if ((process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_CITY_IDS?.split(',') ?? []).includes(String(city.id))) {
+                process.stdout.write(
+                    `MONTHLY_FLOAT_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({
+                        engine: 'core',
+                        cityId: city.id,
+                        year: environment.year,
+                        month: environment.month,
+                        isGood,
+                        inputTrust: trust,
+                        affectRatio,
+                        storedTrust,
+                    })}\n`
+                );
+            }
 
             if (isGood) {
                 continue;
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyEventHandler.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyEventHandler.ts
index 5fa49163..db7f1809 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyEventHandler.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyEventHandler.ts
@@ -86,7 +86,9 @@ export const createRandomizeCityTradeRateHandler = (options: {
             )
         );
 
-        for (const city of world.listCities()) {
+        // Ref's `SELECT city, level FROM city` walks the primary city key.
+        // Make RNG consumption independent from PostgreSQL snapshot/insertion order.
+        for (const city of world.listCities().sort((left, right) => left.id - right.id)) {
             const probability = CITY_TRADE_PROBABILITY_BY_LEVEL[city.level];
             if (probability === undefined) {
                 throw new Error(`Unsupported city level for RandomizeCityTradeRate: ${city.level} (cityId=${city.id})`);
@@ -226,6 +228,11 @@ export const createMonthlyEventHandler = (options: {
         const year = targetCode === 'pre_month' ? context.previousYear : context.currentYear;
         const month = targetCode === 'pre_month' ? context.previousMonth : context.currentMonth;
         const remainingNationCount = world.listNations().filter((nation) => nation.id > 0).length;
+        // Ref does not write game_env.turntime until every event and
+        // postUpdateMonthly step has completed. Event actions therefore see
+        // the previous monthly boundary even after turnDate() has advanced
+        // year/month. Generated general turn times depend on this distinction.
+        const legacyTurnTime = new Date(context.turnTime.getTime() - world.getState().tickSeconds * 1_000);
 
         for (const event of world.listEvents(targetCode)) {
             const environment: MonthlyEventEnvironment = {
@@ -233,7 +240,7 @@ export const createMonthlyEventHandler = (options: {
                 month,
                 startyear: options.startYear,
                 currentEventID: event.id,
-                turnTime: context.turnTime,
+                turnTime: legacyTurnTime,
             };
             if (!evaluateCondition(event.condition, environment, remainingNationCount)) {
                 continue;
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyNationLevelAction.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyNationLevelAction.ts
index ba4491bc..f70781d3 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyNationLevelAction.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyNationLevelAction.ts
@@ -249,6 +249,12 @@ export const createUpdateNationLevelHandler = (options: {
         const hiddenSeed = resolveHiddenSeed(world);
 
         for (const nation of world.listNations().sort((left, right) => left.id - right.id)) {
+            // Legacy persists only founded nations in `nation`; Core also keeps
+            // an id=0 sentinel so neutral cities can retain a Nation reference.
+            // The sentinel must never participate in title promotion.
+            if (nation.id <= 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
             const cityCount = cityCounts.get(nation.id) ?? 0;
             let newLevel = 0;
             for (let level = 0; level < NATION_LEVEL_CITY_COUNTS.length; level += 1) {
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyNationStatsHandler.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyNationStatsHandler.ts
index 453ffc64..62dc8f24 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyNationStatsHandler.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyNationStatsHandler.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,11 @@ import type { InMemoryTurnWorld, TurnCalendarHandler } from './inMemoryWorld.js'
 const MAX_AVAILABLE_WAR_SETTING_COUNT = 10;
 const MONTHLY_AVAILABLE_WAR_SETTING_INCREMENT = 2;
 
+export const roundLegacyNationPowerValue = (value: number): number => {
+    const stabilized = Number(value.toPrecision(15));
+    return stabilized >= 0 ? Math.floor(stabilized + 0.5) : Math.ceil(stabilized - 0.5);
+};
+
 const readNumber = (value: unknown, fallback = 0): number => {
     if (typeof value === 'number' && Number.isFinite(value)) {
         return value;
@@ -32,15 +37,16 @@ const calculateNationPower = (
 ): {
     power: number;
     totalCrew: number;
+    trace: Record<string, number>;
 } => {
     const nation = world.getNationById(nationId);
     if (!nation) {
-        return { power: 0, totalCrew: 0 };
+        return { power: 0, totalCrew: 0, trace: {} };
     }
     const generals = world.listGenerals().filter((general) => general.nationId === nationId);
     const suppliedCities = world.listCities().filter((city) => city.nationId === nationId && city.supplyState === 1);
     const generalResources = generals.reduce((sum, general) => sum + general.gold + general.rice, 0);
-    const resourcePower = Math.round((nation.gold + nation.rice + generalResources) / 100);
+    const resourcePower = roundLegacyNationPowerValue((nation.gold + nation.rice + generalResources) / 100);
     const techPower = readNumber(asRecord(nation.meta).tech);
 
     let cityPower = 0;
@@ -62,7 +68,7 @@ const calculateNationPower = (
                 city.defenceMax,
             0
         );
-        cityPower = maximum > 0 ? Math.round((population * current) / maximum / 100) : 0;
+        cityPower = maximum > 0 ? roundLegacyNationPowerValue((population * current) / maximum / 100) : 0;
     }
 
     let generalPower = 0;
@@ -90,16 +96,29 @@ const calculateNationPower = (
         totalCrew += general.crew;
     }
 
-    const power = Math.round(
+    const power = roundLegacyNationPowerValue(
         (resourcePower +
             techPower +
             cityPower +
             generalPower +
-            Math.round(dexterityPower / 1000) +
-            Math.round(experiencePower / 100)) /
+            roundLegacyNationPowerValue(dexterityPower / 1000) +
+            roundLegacyNationPowerValue(experiencePower / 100)) /
             10
     );
-    return { power, totalCrew };
+    return {
+        power,
+        totalCrew,
+        trace: {
+            resourcePower,
+            techPower,
+            cityPower,
+            generalPower,
+            dexterityPowerRaw: dexterityPower / 1000,
+            dexterityPower: roundLegacyNationPowerValue(dexterityPower / 1000),
+            experiencePowerRaw: experiencePower / 100,
+            experiencePower: roundLegacyNationPowerValue(experiencePower / 100),
+        },
+    };
 };
 
 const updateNationPower = (world: InMemoryTurnWorld, rng: RandUtil): number => {
@@ -110,10 +129,25 @@ const updateNationPower = (world: InMemoryTurnWorld, rng: RandUtil): number => {
         citiesByNation.set(city.nationId, names);
     }
 
-    const nations = world.listNations().sort((left, right) => left.id - right.id);
+    // Core keeps an internal nation 0 record, while Ref's nation table/query
+    // starts at 1. It must not consume a monthly RNG draw or receive power.
+    const nations = world
+        .listNations()
+        .filter((nation) => nation.id > 0)
+        .sort((left, right) => left.id - right.id);
     for (const nation of nations) {
         const calculated = calculateNationPower(world, nation.id);
-        const power = Math.round(calculated.power * rng.nextRange(0.95, 1.05));
+        const multiplier = rng.nextRange(0.95, 1.05);
+        const power = roundLegacyNationPowerValue(calculated.power * multiplier);
+        const traceIds = (process.env.SEED_PARITY_TRACE_NATION_POWER_IDS ?? '')
+            .split(',')
+            .map((value) => Number(value.trim()))
+            .filter(Number.isFinite);
+        if (traceIds.includes(nation.id)) {
+            process.stdout.write(
+                `NATION_POWER_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({ nationId: nation.id, ...calculated.trace, basePower: calculated.power, multiplier, power })}\n`
+            );
+        }
         const meta = asRecord(nation.meta);
         const previousMax = asRecord(meta.max_power);
         const previousCities = Array.isArray(previousMax.maxCities)
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlySemiAnnualAction.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlySemiAnnualAction.ts
index 595b4e7a..523f30a9 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlySemiAnnualAction.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlySemiAnnualAction.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,12 @@ import { resolveAppliedNationRate } from './nationTaxRate.js';
 
 type SemiAnnualResource = 'gold' | 'rice';
 
-const roundLegacyIntegerColumn = (value: number): number => Math.round(value);
+const roundLegacyIntegerColumn = (value: number): number => {
+    // MariaDB evaluates the decimal rate expression before ROUND(). Binary
+    // arithmetic can instead produce values such as 2029.4999999999998.
+    const stabilized = Number(value.toPrecision(15));
+    return stabilized >= 0 ? Math.floor(stabilized + 0.5) : Math.ceil(stabilized - 0.5);
+};
 
 const parseResource = (args: readonly unknown[]): SemiAnnualResource => {
     const resource = args[0];
@@ -24,6 +29,8 @@ const resolveBasePopulationIncrease = (world: InMemoryTurnWorld): number => {
 
 const decayDomesticValue = (value: number): number => roundLegacyIntegerColumn(value * 0.99);
 
+export const storeLegacySemiAnnualTrust = (value: number): number => Math.fround(Math.max(0, Math.min(100, value)));
+
 const applyResourceMaintenance = (value: number, ratios: readonly [number, number][]): number => {
     if (value <= 1_000) {
         return value;
@@ -81,6 +88,9 @@ export const createProcessSemiAnnualHandler = (options: {
 
         const basePopulationIncrease = resolveBasePopulationIncrease(world);
         for (const nation of world.listNations()) {
+            if (nation.id <= 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
             const rate = resolveAppliedNationRate(nation.meta);
             let populationRatio = (30 - rate) / 200;
             const trait = options.nationTraits?.get(nation.typeCode);
@@ -115,7 +125,10 @@ export const createProcessSemiAnnualHandler = (options: {
                     wall: roundLegacyIntegerColumn(Math.min(city.wallMax, city.wall * (1 + genericRatio))),
                     meta: {
                         ...city.meta,
-                        trust: Math.max(0, Math.min(100, trust + trustDiff)),
+                        // Ref's UPDATE persists trust to a MariaDB FLOAT before
+                        // the next monthly action reads it. Core stores this
+                        // field in JSON, so emulate that binary32 boundary here.
+                        trust: storeLegacySemiAnnualTrust(trust + trustDiff),
                     },
                 });
             }
@@ -124,6 +137,14 @@ export const createProcessSemiAnnualHandler = (options: {
         for (const general of world.listGenerals()) {
             const current = general[resource];
             const next = applyResourceMaintenance(current, [[10_000, 0.97]]);
+            if (
+                process.env.SEED_PARITY_MONTHLY_RESOURCE_TRACE === '1' &&
+                (process.env.AI_TRACE_GENERAL_IDS ?? '').split(',').includes(String(general.id))
+            ) {
+                process.stdout.write(
+                    `MONTHLY_RESOURCE_CORE ${JSON.stringify({ action: 'ProcessSemiAnnual', resource, generalId: general.id, current, next })}\n`
+                );
+            }
             if (next !== current) {
                 world.updateGeneral(general.id, { [resource]: next });
             }
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyWarIncomeAction.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyWarIncomeAction.ts
index 9733cb40..79de78bd 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyWarIncomeAction.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/monthlyWarIncomeAction.ts
@@ -69,6 +69,8 @@ export const createProcessWarIncomeHandler = (options: {
         for (const city of cities) {
             const dead = asNumber(city.meta.dead, 0);
             world.updateCity(city.id, {
+                // MariaDB rounds the SQL expression when assigning it to
+                // Ref's integer pop column (including an exact .5 result).
                 population: Math.round(city.population + dead * 0.2),
                 meta: {
                     ...city.meta,
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/npcTaxHandler.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/npcTaxHandler.ts
index b2c9748e..8b67e935 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/npcTaxHandler.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/npcTaxHandler.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,24 @@
+import { asRecord } from '@sammo-ts/common';
+import {
+    createIncomeActionContext,
+    getGoldIncome,
+    getOutcome,
+    getRiceIncome,
+    getWallIncome,
+    getWarGoldIncome,
+    type City,
+    type CityIncomeSource,
+    type Nation,
+    type NationIncomeContext,
+    type NationTraitModule,
+    type ScenarioConfig,
+    type TurnCommandEnv,
+    type UnitSetDefinition,
+} from '@sammo-ts/logic';
+
 import type { TurnCalendarContext, TurnCalendarHandler, InMemoryTurnWorld } from './inMemoryWorld.js';
-import type { City, Nation } from '@sammo-ts/logic';
-import { joinYearMonth, readNumber } from './ai/aiUtils.js';
+import { readNumber } from './ai/aiUtils.js';
+import { AutorunNationPolicy } from './ai/policies.js';
 
 const calcNationDevelopedRate = (cities: City[]): { pop: number; all: number } => {
     if (cities.length === 0) {
@@ -51,15 +69,129 @@ const resolveNpcTaxRate = (cities: City[]): number => {
 
 const shouldUpdateRate = (month: number): boolean => month === 6 || month === 12;
 
-const isNpcMonarchNation = (nation: Nation, world: InMemoryTurnWorld): boolean => {
-    if (!nation.capitalCityId || !nation.chiefGeneralId) {
-        return false;
+const toIncomeCity = (city: City): CityIncomeSource => ({
+    id: city.id,
+    population: city.population,
+    populationMax: city.populationMax,
+    agriculture: city.agriculture,
+    agricultureMax: city.agricultureMax,
+    commerce: city.commerce,
+    commerceMax: city.commerceMax,
+    security: city.security,
+    securityMax: city.securityMax,
+    trust: readNumber(asRecord(city.meta).trust, 50),
+    supplyState: city.supplyState,
+    defence: city.defence,
+    defenceMax: city.defenceMax,
+    wall: city.wall,
+    wallMax: city.wallMax,
+    meta: asRecord(city.meta),
+});
+
+const buildOfficerCounts = (world: InMemoryTurnWorld, nationId: number): Map<number, number> => {
+    const result = new Map<number, number>();
+    for (const general of world.listGenerals()) {
+        if (general.nationId !== nationId || general.officerLevel < 2 || general.officerLevel > 4) continue;
+        const officerCity = readNumber(asRecord(general.meta).officer_city, 0);
+        if (officerCity > 0 && general.cityId === officerCity) {
+            result.set(officerCity, (result.get(officerCity) ?? 0) + 1);
+        }
     }
-    const chief = world.getGeneralById(nation.chiefGeneralId);
-    return Boolean(chief && chief.npcState >= 2);
+    return result;
 };
 
-export const createNpcTaxHandler = (options: { getWorld: () => InMemoryTurnWorld | null }): TurnCalendarHandler => {
+const clampBill = (value: number): number => Math.max(20, Math.min(200, Math.trunc(value)));
+
+const resolveNpcMonarch = (nation: Nation, world: InMemoryTurnWorld) => {
+    const chief = nation.chiefGeneralId
+        ? world.getGeneralById(nation.chiefGeneralId)
+        : world
+              .listGenerals()
+              .find((general) => general.nationId === nation.id && general.officerLevel === 12) ?? null;
+    return chief && chief.npcState >= 2 ? chief : null;
+};
+
+type NpcFinanceOptions = {
+    commandEnv?: TurnCommandEnv;
+    scenarioConfig?: ScenarioConfig;
+    unitSet?: UnitSetDefinition;
+    nationTraits?: ReadonlyMap<string, NationTraitModule>;
+};
+
+export const calculateNpcNationFinance = (
+    world: InMemoryTurnWorld,
+    nation: Nation,
+    currentMonth: number,
+    options: NpcFinanceOptions
+): Nation['meta'] | null => {
+    if (!shouldUpdateRate(currentMonth)) {
+        return null;
+    }
+    const chief = resolveNpcMonarch(nation, world);
+    if (!chief) return null;
+    const cities = world.listCities();
+    const rawNationCities = cities.filter((city) => city.nationId === nation.id && city.supplyState > 0);
+    const rate = resolveNpcTaxRate(rawNationCities);
+    // Ref chooses the default rate during the ruler turn even when a newly
+    // founded nation has not supplied its first city yet.  In that state it
+    // leaves the existing bill untouched because there is no income basis.
+    if (rawNationCities.length === 0) {
+        return { ...nation.meta, rate };
+    }
+    if (!options.commandEnv || !options.scenarioConfig) {
+        return { ...nation.meta, rate };
+    }
+    const trait = options.nationTraits?.get(nation.typeCode);
+    const actionContext = createIncomeActionContext(nation);
+    const incomeContext: NationIncomeContext = {
+        rate,
+        ...(trait?.onCalcNationalIncome
+            ? { modifyIncome: (type, amount) => trait.onCalcNationalIncome!(actionContext, type, amount) }
+            : {}),
+    };
+    const nationCities = rawNationCities.map(toIncomeCity);
+    const officerCounts = buildOfficerCounts(world, nation.id);
+    const generals = world
+        .listGenerals()
+        // Ref's GeneralAI::$nationGenerals is built with `no != current ruler`.
+        // chooseGoldBillRate therefore omits the ruler's own stipend from the
+        // outcome used to choose bill, despite a dead local append that looks
+        // as if it intended to include the ruler.
+        .filter((general) => general.nationId === nation.id && general.id !== chief.id && general.npcState !== 5);
+    const outcome = Math.max(1, getOutcome(100, generals));
+    const policy = new AutorunNationPolicy({
+        general: chief,
+        aiOptions: null,
+        nationPolicy: asRecord(nation.meta).npc_nation_policy as Record<string, unknown> | null,
+        serverPolicy: asRecord(world.getState().meta).npc_nation_policy as Record<string, unknown> | null,
+        nation,
+        env: options.commandEnv,
+        scenarioConfig: options.scenarioConfig,
+        ...(options.unitSet ? { unitSet: options.unitSet } : {}),
+    });
+    const income =
+        currentMonth === 12
+            ? getGoldIncome(incomeContext, nationCities, officerCounts, nation.capitalCityId, nation.level) +
+              getWarGoldIncome(incomeContext, nationCities)
+            : getRiceIncome(incomeContext, nationCities, officerCounts, nation.capitalCityId, nation.level) +
+              getWallIncome(incomeContext, nationCities, officerCounts, nation.capitalCityId, nation.level);
+    const currentResource = currentMonth === 12 ? nation.gold : nation.rice;
+    const requiredResource = currentMonth === 12 ? policy.reqNationGold : policy.reqNationRice;
+    let bill = Math.trunc((income / outcome) * 90);
+    if (currentResource + income - outcome > requiredResource * 2) {
+        const moreBill = ((currentResource + income - requiredResource * 2) / outcome) * 80;
+        if (moreBill > bill) bill = Math.trunc((moreBill + bill) / 2);
+    }
+    return { ...nation.meta, rate, bill: clampBill(bill) };
+};
+
+export const createNpcTaxHandler = (options: {
+    getWorld: () => InMemoryTurnWorld | null;
+    commandEnv?: TurnCommandEnv;
+    scenarioConfig?: ScenarioConfig;
+    unitSet?: UnitSetDefinition;
+    nationTraits?: ReadonlyMap<string, NationTraitModule>;
+}): TurnCalendarHandler => {
     return {
         onMonthChanged: (context: TurnCalendarContext) => {
             if (!shouldUpdateRate(context.currentMonth)) {
@@ -69,30 +201,9 @@ export const createNpcTaxHandler = (options: { getWorld: () => InMemoryTurnWorld
             if (!world) {
                 return;
             }
-            const worldState = world.getState();
-            const meta = worldState.meta ?? {};
-            const initYear = readNumber(meta.initYear, NaN);
-            const initMonth = readNumber(meta.initMonth, NaN);
-            const hasInit = Number.isFinite(initYear) && Number.isFinite(initMonth);
-            const monthsSinceStart = hasInit
-                ? joinYearMonth(context.currentYear, context.currentMonth) - joinYearMonth(initYear, initMonth)
-                : null;
-            const cities = world.listCities();
             for (const nation of world.listNations()) {
-                if (!isNpcMonarchNation(nation, world)) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                const nationCities = cities.filter((city) => city.nationId === nation.id && city.supplyState > 0);
-                let rate = resolveNpcTaxRate(nationCities);
-                if (monthsSinceStart !== null && monthsSinceStart <= 4) {
-                    rate = Math.min(rate, 10);
-                }
-                world.updateNation(nation.id, {
-                    meta: {
-                        ...nation.meta,
-                        rate,
-                    },
-                });
+                const nextMeta = calculateNpcNationFinance(world, nation, context.currentMonth, options);
+                if (nextMeta) world.updateNation(nation.id, { meta: nextMeta });
             }
         },
     };
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnCommands.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnCommands.ts
index efe17b87..4201bc9c 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnCommands.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnCommands.ts
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ export const buildCommandEnv = (config: ScenarioConfig, unitSet?: UnitSetDefinit
         ]),
         initialNationGenLimit: resolveNumber(constValues, ['initialNationGenLimit'], DEFAULT_INITIAL_NATION_GEN_LIMIT),
         maxTechLevel: resolveNumber(constValues, ['maxTechLevel'], DEFAULT_MAX_TECH_LEVEL),
-        maxStatLevel: resolveNumber(constValues, ['maxLevel'], 255),
+        maxStatLevel: resolveNumber(constValues, ['maxLevel'], config.stat.max),
         maxDedicationLevel: resolveNumber(constValues, ['maxDedLevel'], 30),
         statUpgradeLimit: resolveNumber(constValues, ['upgradeLimit'], 30),
         techLevelIncYear: resolveNumber(constValues, ['techLevelIncYear'], 5),
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnHandler.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnHandler.ts
index a730f211..ae757065 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnHandler.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnHandler.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import type {
     ScenarioConfig,
     ScenarioMeta,
     Troop,
+    GeneralTurnCommandKey,
     TurnCommandProfile,
     TurnCommandEnv,
     UnitSetDefinition,
@@ -58,6 +59,7 @@ import { buildFrontStatePatches } from './frontStateHandler.js';
 import { buildActionContext } from './reservedTurnActionContext.js';
 import { GeneralAI, shouldUseAi } from './ai/generalAi.js';
 import type { AiReservedTurnProvider } from './ai/types.js';
+import { withCanonicalArgumentAliases } from './ai/aiUtils.js';
 import { rankMetaKey } from './rankData.js';
 import {
     hasScenarioStaticEventHandler,
@@ -66,6 +68,7 @@ import {
 } from './scenarioStaticEvents.js';
 
 const DEFAULT_ACTION = '휴식';
+const AI_INTERNAL_GENERAL_ACTION_KEYS = ['che_NPC능동'] as const satisfies readonly GeneralTurnCommandKey[];
 
 const LEGACY_STAT_CHANGE_GENERAL_ACTIONS = new Set([
     'che_소집해제',
@@ -96,6 +99,12 @@ const LEGACY_STAT_CHANGE_GENERAL_ACTIONS = new Set([
     'che_첩보',
     'che_임관',
     'che_상업투자',
+    // These legacy classes inherit che_상업투자::run(), including its
+    // unconditional checkStatChange() tail.
+    'che_농지개간',
+    'che_수비강화',
+    'che_성벽보수',
+    'che_치안강화',
     'che_장비매매',
     'che_장수대상임관',
     'che_징병',
@@ -682,21 +691,6 @@ class WorldStateView implements StateView {
 
 const extractArgsRecord = (value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> => asRecord(value);
 
-const withCanonicalArgumentAliases = (args: Record<string, unknown>): Record<string, unknown> => {
-    const normalized = { ...args };
-    for (const [legacyKey, canonicalKey] of [
-        ['destCityID', 'destCityId'],
-        ['destNationID', 'destNationId'],
-        ['destGeneralID', 'destGeneralId'],
-        ['destTroopID', 'destTroopId'],
-    ] as const) {
-        if (normalized[canonicalKey] === undefined && normalized[legacyKey] !== undefined) {
-            normalized[canonicalKey] = normalized[legacyKey];
-        }
-    }
-    return normalized;
-};
-
 const buildConstraintContext = (
     general: TurnGeneral,
     city: City | undefined,
@@ -737,6 +731,11 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
     commandEnv?: TurnCommandEnv;
     commandRngFactory?: (input: { kind: 'nation' | 'general'; actionKey: string; seed: string }) => RandUtil;
     getAdditionalOccupiedUniqueItemKeys?: () => Iterable<string | null | undefined>;
+    calculateNpcNationFinance?: (
+        world: InMemoryTurnWorld,
+        nation: Nation,
+        currentMonth: number
+    ) => Nation['meta'] | null;
     onActionResolved?: (payload: {
         kind: 'nation' | 'general';
         generalId: number;
@@ -774,6 +773,17 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
     };
     const generalModuleLoader = new GeneralTurnCommandLoader();
     const nationModuleLoader = new NationTurnCommandLoader();
+    // NPC AI emits a few engine-internal commands that are intentionally not
+    // exposed by the scenario's player command profile. Keep their definitions
+    // available to AI resolution without adding them to the public profile.
+    for (const key of AI_INTERNAL_GENERAL_ACTION_KEYS) {
+        const module = await generalModuleLoader.load(key);
+        if (!generalDefinitions.has(key)) {
+            generalDefinitions.set(key, module.commandSpec.createDefinition(env));
+        }
+        seenActionKeys.add(key);
+        applyActionContextBuilder(module);
+    }
     for (const key of commandProfile.general) {
         if (seenActionKeys.has(key)) {
             continue;
@@ -830,6 +840,9 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
 
     return {
         execute(context): GeneralTurnResult {
+            // Legacy reads the current game_env.develcost for every command.
+            // Scenario const is only a fallback; the value changes with year.
+            env.develCost = readMetaNumber(asRecord(context.world.meta), 'develcost', env.develCost);
             const worldRef = options.getWorld();
             const worldOverlay = worldRef ? createWorldOverlay(worldRef) : null;
             const worldView = worldOverlay?.view ?? worldRef;
@@ -1034,6 +1047,12 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
                     specificContext = baseContext;
                 }
                 const actionContext = specificContext ?? baseContext;
+                if ((process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_GENERAL_IDS?.split(',') ?? []).includes(String(currentGeneral.id))) {
+                    const tracedContext = actionContext as ActionContextBase & { destCity?: City; destGeneral?: TurnGeneral };
+                    process.stdout.write(
+                        `AI_ACTION_INPUT_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({ generalId: currentGeneral.id, kind, actionKey, actionArgs, destCityId: tracedContext.destCity?.id, destGeneralId: tracedContext.destGeneral?.id })}\n`
+                    );
+                }
                 const executionDefinition = definition as unknown as {
                     getPreReqTurn?: (context: ActionContextBase, args: unknown) => number;
                     getPostReqTurn?: (context: ActionContextBase, args: unknown) => number;
@@ -1115,9 +1134,29 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
                     },
                     actionArgs
                 );
+                if (
+                    (process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_GENERAL_IDS?.split(',') ?? []).includes(String(currentGeneral.id)) &&
+                    resolution.patches
+                ) {
+                    process.stdout.write(
+                        `AI_ACTION_PATCH_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({ generalId: currentGeneral.id, kind, actionKey, patches: resolution.patches })}\n`
+                    );
+                }
                 for (const troopId of resolution.deletedTroopIds ?? []) {
                     commandDeletedTroopIds.add(troopId);
                 }
+                for (const plan of resolution.reservedGeneralTurnPlans ?? []) {
+                    for (let turnIdx = 0; turnIdx < plan.joinTurn; turnIdx += 1) {
+                        options.reservedTurns.setGeneralTurn(plan.generalId, turnIdx, {
+                            action: 'che_견문',
+                            args: {},
+                        });
+                    }
+                    options.reservedTurns.setGeneralTurn(plan.generalId, plan.joinTurn, {
+                        action: 'che_임관',
+                        args: { destNationId: plan.destNationId },
+                    });
+                }
 
                 currentGeneral = resolution.general as TurnGeneral;
                 currentCity = resolution.city ?? currentCity;
@@ -1559,6 +1598,7 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
             }
 
             let hasReservedTurn = false;
+            let sharedAi: GeneralAI | undefined;
             if (!isBlocked && currentNation && currentGeneral.officerLevel >= 5) {
                 let nationCommand = options.reservedTurns.getNationTurn(
                     currentNation.id,
@@ -1570,7 +1610,7 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
                 }
                 let nationAiState: ReturnType<GeneralAI['getDebugState']> | undefined;
                 if (worldView && shouldUseAi(currentGeneral, context.world)) {
-                    const ai = new GeneralAI({
+                    sharedAi = new GeneralAI({
                         general: currentGeneral,
                         city: currentCity,
                         nation: currentNation,
@@ -1587,13 +1627,66 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
                         generalFallback,
                         nationFallback,
                     });
+                    const ai = sharedAi;
                     const candidate = ai.chooseNationTurn(nationCommand);
                     if (candidate) {
+                        if (
+                            (process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_GENERAL_IDS?.split(',') ?? []).includes(
+                                String(currentGeneral.id)
+                            )
+                        ) {
+                            process.stdout.write(
+                                `AI_NATION_CANDIDATE_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({ generalId: currentGeneral.id, candidate })}\n`
+                            );
+                        }
                         nationCommand = { action: candidate.action, args: candidate.args };
                     }
+                    const promotion = ai.consumePromotionPatches();
+                    for (const entry of promotion.generals) {
+                        const promotedGeneral = worldOverlay?.view.getGeneralById(entry.generalId);
+                        const patch = {
+                            officerLevel: entry.officerLevel,
+                            ...(promotedGeneral
+                                ? { meta: { ...promotedGeneral.meta, officer_city: entry.officerCity } }
+                                : {}),
+                        };
+                        patches.generals.push({ id: entry.generalId, patch });
+                        worldOverlay?.applyGeneralPatch(entry.generalId, patch);
+                        if (entry.generalId === currentGeneral.id) {
+                            currentGeneral = applyGeneralPatch(currentGeneral, patch);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (promotion.nationMeta && currentNation) {
+                        currentNation = { ...currentNation, meta: promotion.nationMeta as Nation['meta'] };
+                        worldOverlay?.applyNationPatch(currentNation.id, { meta: currentNation.meta });
+                    }
+                    if (currentNation && currentGeneral.officerLevel === 12 && options.calculateNpcNationFinance) {
+                        const baseWorld = options.getWorld();
+                        const financeMeta = baseWorld
+                            ? options.calculateNpcNationFinance(baseWorld, currentNation, context.world.currentMonth)
+                            : null;
+                        if (financeMeta) {
+                            currentNation = { ...currentNation, meta: financeMeta as Nation['meta'] };
+                            worldOverlay?.applyNationPatch(currentNation.id, { meta: currentNation.meta });
+                        }
+                    }
                     nationAiState = ai.getDebugState();
                 }
                 const nationResult = runAction('nation', nationDefinitions, nationFallback, nationCommand, false);
+                if (
+                    worldView &&
+                    (process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_GENERAL_IDS?.split(',') ?? []).includes(String(currentGeneral.id))
+                ) {
+                    process.stdout.write(
+                        `AI_DIPLOMACY_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({
+                            generalId: currentGeneral.id,
+                            stage: 'after-nation-action',
+                            entries: worldView
+                                .listDiplomacy()
+                                .filter((entry) => entry.fromNationId === currentGeneral.nationId && entry.state <= 1),
+                        })}\n`
+                    );
+                }
                 options.onActionResolved?.({
                     kind: 'nation',
                     generalId: currentGeneral.id,
@@ -1618,23 +1711,25 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
             let generalAiState: ReturnType<GeneralAI['getDebugState']> | undefined;
             let generalAutorunMode = false;
             if (!isBlocked && worldView && shouldUseAi(currentGeneral, context.world)) {
-                const ai = new GeneralAI({
-                    general: currentGeneral,
-                    city: currentCity,
-                    nation: currentNation,
-                    world: context.world,
-                    worldRef: worldView,
-                    reservedTurnProvider,
-                    scenarioConfig: options.scenarioConfig,
-                    scenarioMeta: options.scenarioMeta,
-                    map: options.map,
-                    unitSet: options.unitSet,
-                    commandEnv: env,
-                    generalDefinitions,
-                    nationDefinitions,
-                    generalFallback,
-                    nationFallback,
-                });
+                const ai =
+                    sharedAi ??
+                    new GeneralAI({
+                        general: currentGeneral,
+                        city: currentCity,
+                        nation: currentNation,
+                        world: context.world,
+                        worldRef: worldView,
+                        reservedTurnProvider,
+                        scenarioConfig: options.scenarioConfig,
+                        scenarioMeta: options.scenarioMeta,
+                        map: options.map,
+                        unitSet: options.unitSet,
+                        commandEnv: env,
+                        generalDefinitions,
+                        nationDefinitions,
+                        generalFallback,
+                        nationFallback,
+                    });
                 const candidate = ai.chooseGeneralTurn(generalCommand);
                 if (candidate) {
                     generalAutorunMode =
@@ -1642,6 +1737,18 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
                         JSON.stringify(candidate.args ?? {}) !== JSON.stringify(generalCommand.args ?? {});
                     generalCommand = { action: candidate.action, args: candidate.args };
                 }
+                const aiMetaPatch = ai.consumePersistentGeneralMetaPatch();
+                if (Object.keys(aiMetaPatch.set).length > 0 || aiMetaPatch.unset.length > 0) {
+                    const nextMeta = { ...currentGeneral.meta } as Record<string, unknown>;
+                    for (const key of aiMetaPatch.unset) {
+                        delete nextMeta[key];
+                    }
+                    currentGeneral = {
+                        ...currentGeneral,
+                        meta: { ...nextMeta, ...aiMetaPatch.set } as TurnGeneral['meta'],
+                    };
+                    worldOverlay?.syncGeneral(currentGeneral);
+                }
                 generalAiState = ai.getDebugState();
             }
             const generalResult = isBlocked
@@ -1854,6 +1961,12 @@ export const createReservedTurnHandler = async (options: {
                 },
             };
 
+            if ((process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_GENERAL_IDS?.split(',') ?? []).includes(String(currentGeneral.id))) {
+                process.stdout.write(
+                    `AI_GENERAL_PRE_APPLY_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({ engine: 'core', generalId: currentGeneral.id, stats: currentGeneral.stats, experience: currentGeneral.experience, dedication: currentGeneral.dedication, meta: { leadership_exp: currentGeneral.meta.leadership_exp, strength_exp: currentGeneral.meta.strength_exp, intel_exp: currentGeneral.meta.intel_exp, dex1: currentGeneral.meta.dex1, dex2: currentGeneral.meta.dex2, dex3: currentGeneral.meta.dex3, dex4: currentGeneral.meta.dex4, dex5: currentGeneral.meta.dex5 } })}\n`
+                );
+            }
+
             const result: GeneralTurnResult = {
                 general: currentGeneral,
                 city: currentCity,
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnStore.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnStore.ts
index 31269fe5..41385325 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnStore.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/reservedTurnStore.ts
@@ -460,6 +460,20 @@ export class InMemoryReservedTurnStore {
         this.dirtyGeneralIds.add(generalId);
     }
 
+    setGeneralTurn(generalId: number, turnIdx: number, entry: ReservedTurnEntry): void {
+        if (turnIdx < 0 || turnIdx >= this.maxGeneralTurns) {
+            return;
+        }
+        const turns = this.getGeneralTurns(generalId).slice();
+        turns[turnIdx] = {
+            action: normalizeAction(entry.action),
+            args: normalizeArgs(entry.args),
+        };
+        this.generalTurns.set(generalId, turns);
+        this.pendingGeneralInitializationIds.delete(generalId);
+        this.dirtyGeneralIds.add(generalId);
+    }
+
     ensureNationTurns(nationId: number, officerLevel: number): void {
         const key = buildNationKey(nationId, officerLevel);
         this.getNationTurns(nationId, officerLevel);
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/tournamentAutoStart.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/tournamentAutoStart.ts
index d3253b81..a70f9cd5 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/tournamentAutoStart.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/tournamentAutoStart.ts
@@ -44,7 +44,9 @@ const safeJsonParse = <T>(raw: string | null): T | null => {
 
 const resolveTermSeconds = (tickSeconds: number): number => {
     const turnMinutes = Math.max(1, Math.round(tickSeconds / 60));
-    return Math.min(120, Math.max(5, turnMinutes)) * 60;
+    // Ref calcTournamentTerm() receives the turn length in minutes but returns
+    // that clamped numeric value as tournament seconds.
+    return Math.min(120, Math.max(5, turnMinutes));
 };
 
 const readPattern = (world: InMemoryTurnWorld, config: Record<string, unknown>): number[] => {
@@ -57,17 +59,6 @@ const readPattern = (world: InMemoryTurnWorld, config: Record<string, unknown>):
     );
 };
 
-const shuffledDefaultPattern = (
-    hiddenSeed: string | number,
-    previousYear: number,
-    previousMonth: number
-): number[] =>
-    new RandUtil(
-        new LiteHashDRBG(
-            simpleSerialize(hiddenSeed, 'monthly', previousYear, previousMonth, 'tournamentPattern')
-        )
-    ).shuffle([0, 0, 1, 2, 3]);
-
 export const createTournamentAutoStartHandler = (options: {
     profileName: string;
     getWorld: () => InMemoryTurnWorld | null;
@@ -114,10 +105,9 @@ export const createTournamentAutoStartHandler = (options: {
             }
 
             const pattern = readPattern(world, config);
-            const resolvedPattern =
-                pattern.length > 0
-                    ? pattern
-                    : shuffledDefaultPattern(hiddenSeed, context.previousYear, context.previousMonth);
+            // The deterministic Ref comparison branch replaces PHP's global
+            // shuffle() with this same already-advanced monthly RNG.
+            const resolvedPattern = pattern.length > 0 ? pattern : rng.shuffle([0, 0, 1, 2, 3]);
             const type = resolvedPattern.pop() ?? 0;
             world.updateWorldMeta({ tournamentPattern: resolvedPattern });
             const now = options.now?.() ?? new Date();
@@ -133,8 +123,14 @@ export const createTournamentAutoStartHandler = (options: {
                 openYear: context.currentYear,
                 openMonth: context.currentMonth,
                 termSeconds,
-                nextAt: new Date(now.getTime() + termSeconds * 1_000).toISOString(),
-                bettingId: undefined,
+                // Ref startTournament() passes calcTournamentTerm()'s seconds
+                // value to DateInterval's minute field. Preserve that historical
+                // initial enrollment delay; later tournament phases use seconds.
+                nextAt: new Date(now.getTime() + termSeconds * 60_000).toISOString(),
+                bettingId:
+                    typeof previousState?.bettingId === 'number' && Number.isFinite(previousState.bettingId)
+                        ? previousState.bettingId + 1
+                        : 1,
                 bettingCloseAt: undefined,
                 winnerId: undefined,
                 bettingSettled: false,
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/turnDaemon.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/turnDaemon.ts
index a9beea62..c80b0d3e 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/turnDaemon.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/turnDaemon.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import { createGatewayProfileGate } from './gatewayProfileGate.js';
 import { composeCalendarHandlers } from './calendarHandlers.js';
 import { createIncomeHandler } from './incomeHandler.js';
 import { createNationTurnMonthlyHandler } from './nationTurnMonthlyHandler.js';
+import { calculateNpcNationFinance } from './npcTaxHandler.js';
 import { createMonthlyBoundaryPreHandler } from './monthlyBoundaryPreHandler.js';
 import { createMonthlyWanderHandler } from './monthlyWanderHandler.js';
 import {
@@ -471,6 +472,10 @@ const createTurnDaemonRuntimeWithLease = async (
         onTournamentRollConsumed: (consumed) => {
             monthlyTournamentRollConsumed = consumed;
         },
+        // Deterministic/manual runtimes must schedule the tournament from the
+        // same clock that advances the game world. Production still falls
+        // back to the system clock.
+        now: () => new Date(options.clock?.nowMs() ?? Date.now()),
     });
     const yearbookHandler = createYearbookHandler({
         profileName: options.profileName ?? options.profile,
@@ -508,6 +513,13 @@ const createTurnDaemonRuntimeWithLease = async (
                 getWorld: () => worldRef,
                 commandProfile,
                 commandEnv: monthlyCommandEnv,
+                calculateNpcNationFinance: (financeWorld, nation, currentMonth) =>
+                    calculateNpcNationFinance(financeWorld, nation, currentMonth, {
+                        commandEnv: monthlyCommandEnv,
+                        scenarioConfig: snapshot.scenarioConfig,
+                        unitSet: snapshot.unitSet,
+                        nationTraits: nationTraitMap,
+                    }),
                 getAdditionalOccupiedUniqueItemKeys: () => occupiedAuctionUniqueItemKeys,
                 onActionResolved: options.onActionResolved,
             })),
diff --git a/app/game-engine/src/turn/worldLoader.ts b/app/game-engine/src/turn/worldLoader.ts
index e0e9d4ef..e9613a79 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/src/turn/worldLoader.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/src/turn/worldLoader.ts
@@ -389,18 +389,28 @@ export const loadTurnWorldFromDatabase = async (options: TurnWorldLoaderOptions)
             inheritanceByUser.set(row.userId, bucket);
         }
         const accessByGeneral = new Map(accessRows.map((row) => [row.generalId, row]));
-        const generals = generalRows.map((row) =>
-            mapGeneralRow(
-                row,
-                ranksByGeneral.get(row.id) ?? [],
-                row.userId ? (inheritanceByUser.get(row.userId) ?? []) : [],
-                accessByGeneral.get(row.id)
+        // MariaDB legacy scans these tables in their primary-key order. Prisma
+        // findMany() does not promise an order, and Map insertion order can
+        // otherwise leak into monthly RNG and AI candidate traversal.
+        const generals = generalRows
+            .map((row) =>
+                mapGeneralRow(
+                    row,
+                    ranksByGeneral.get(row.id) ?? [],
+                    row.userId ? (inheritanceByUser.get(row.userId) ?? []) : [],
+                    accessByGeneral.get(row.id)
+                )
             )
-        );
-        const cities = cityRows.map(mapCityRow);
-        const nations = nationRows.map(mapNationRow);
-        const diplomacy = diplomacyRows.map(mapDiplomacyRow);
-        const troops = troopRows.map(mapTroopRow);
+            .sort((left, right) => left.id - right.id);
+        const cities = cityRows.map(mapCityRow).sort((left, right) => left.id - right.id);
+        const nations = nationRows.map(mapNationRow).sort((left, right) => left.id - right.id);
+        const diplomacy = diplomacyRows
+            .map(mapDiplomacyRow)
+            .sort(
+                (left, right) =>
+                    left.fromNationId - right.fromNationId || left.toNationId - right.toNationId
+            );
+        const troops = troopRows.map(mapTroopRow).sort((left, right) => left.id - right.id);
 
         const worldConfig = asRecord(worldState.config);
         const scenarioConfig = mapScenarioConfig(worldState.config);
diff --git a/app/game-engine/test/generalAiLegacyDecisionParity.test.ts b/app/game-engine/test/generalAiLegacyDecisionParity.test.ts
index 7d4cddda..70785369 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/test/generalAiLegacyDecisionParity.test.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/test/generalAiLegacyDecisionParity.test.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
 import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
 import type { City, General, Nation } from '@sammo-ts/logic';
+import { createRefOrderedActionStack } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actionModules/bundle.js';
 
 import type { GeneralAI } from '../src/turn/ai/generalAi.js';
+import { resolveLegacyAiStats } from '../src/turn/ai/generalAi/core.js';
+import { withCanonicalArgumentAliases } from '../src/turn/ai/aiUtils.js';
 import { do일반내정, do전쟁내정 } from '../src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/devActions.js';
 import { do금쌀구매 } from '../src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/economyActions.js';
-import { do국가선택, do중립 } from '../src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/politicsActions.js';
+import { do거병, do건국, do국가선택, do중립 } from '../src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/politicsActions.js';
 import { do징병 } from '../src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/recruitActions.js';
 import { do전투준비, do출병 } from '../src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/warActions.js';
-import { do전방워프, do집합, do후방워프 } from '../src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/warpActions.js';
-import { doNPC몰수, do유저장포상 } from '../src/turn/ai/generalAi/nation/rewards.js';
+import { do내정워프, do전방워프, do집합, do후방워프 } from '../src/turn/ai/generalAi/general/warpActions.js';
+import { doNPC몰수, doNPC포상, do유저장포상 } from '../src/turn/ai/generalAi/nation/rewards.js';
+import { doNPC전방발령, doNPC후방발령 } from '../src/turn/ai/generalAi/nation/assignments/npcAssignments.js';
 
 type Candidate = {
     action: string;
@@ -74,7 +78,24 @@ const makeRng = (bools: boolean[] = [], choices: unknown[] = []): ScriptedRng =>
     };
 };
 
-const baseGeneral = (): General => ({
+const singleActionModuleStack = (
+    module: NonNullable<GeneralAI['commandEnv']['generalActionModules']>[number]
+): NonNullable<GeneralAI['commandEnv']['generalActionModules']> => {
+    const noOp = {};
+    return createRefOrderedActionStack({
+        nation: noOp,
+        officer: noOp,
+        domestic: noOp,
+        war: noOp,
+        personality: module,
+        crewType: null,
+        inheritance: noOp,
+        scenario: null,
+        items: [],
+    });
+};
+
+const baseGeneral = (): General & { turnTime: Date } => ({
     id: 1,
     name: '가상장수',
     nationId: 1,
@@ -99,6 +120,7 @@ const baseGeneral = (): General => ({
     atmos: 0,
     age: 30,
     npcState: 2,
+    turnTime: new Date('0190-01-01T00:00:00Z'),
     triggerState: { flags: {}, counters: {}, modifiers: {}, meta: {} },
     meta: { killturn: 100, fullLeadership: 70 },
 });
@@ -155,6 +177,7 @@ const makeAi = (
         nations?: Nation[];
         generals?: General[];
         disabledPolicyActions?: string[];
+        generalActionModules?: NonNullable<GeneralAI['commandEnv']['generalActionModules']>;
     } = {}
 ): GeneralAI => {
     const general = {
@@ -278,6 +301,7 @@ const makeAi = (
             maxTechLevel: 10,
             techLevelIncYear: 5,
             initialAllowedTechLevel: 1,
+            generalActionModules: overrides.generalActionModules ?? [],
         },
         aiConst: {
             baseGold: 1000,
@@ -352,6 +376,109 @@ const makeAi = (
  * selection and RNG-sensitive gates, not TypeScript implementation details.
  */
 describe('legacy NPC AI final-decision parity', () => {
+    it('normalizes legacy uppercase destination IDs before AI constraint checks', () => {
+        expect(
+            withCanonicalArgumentAliases({
+                destGeneralID: 2,
+                destCityID: 3,
+                destNationID: 4,
+                destTroopID: 5,
+            })
+        ).toMatchObject({
+            destGeneralId: 2,
+            destCityId: 3,
+            destNationId: 4,
+            destTroopId: 5,
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('applies the legacy nation-level leadership bonus for officers', () => {
+        const ruler = { ...baseGeneral(), officerLevel: 12, injury: 0 };
+        const nation = { ...baseNation(), level: 1 };
+
+        expect(resolveLegacyAiStats(ruler, nation, 255)).toMatchObject({
+            fullLeadership: 72,
+            effectiveLeadership: 72,
+        });
+        expect(resolveLegacyAiStats({ ...ruler, officerLevel: 5 }, nation, 255)).toMatchObject({
+            fullLeadership: 71,
+            effectiveLeadership: 71,
+        });
+        expect(resolveLegacyAiStats({ ...ruler, officerLevel: 1 }, nation, 255)).toMatchObject({
+            fullLeadership: 70,
+            effectiveLeadership: 70,
+        });
+    });
+    it.each([
+        ['Core scenario name', '강유'],
+        ['Ref stored name', 'ⓝ강유'],
+    ])('uses the full ruler name and Ref nation-type/color RNG order: %s', (_label, name) => {
+        const rng = makeRng([], ['che_음양가', 19]);
+        const ai = makeAi({ general: { name }, rng });
+        ai.aiConst.availableNationTypes = ['che_도적', 'che_음양가'];
+
+        expect(do건국(ai)).toMatchObject({
+            action: 'che_건국',
+            args: { nationName: '㉿강유', nationType: 'che_음양가', colorType: 19 },
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('counts a wandering-nation ruler on a neutral city as occupying the uprising radius', () => {
+        const rng = makeRng([false, true]);
+        const currentCity = { ...baseCity(), id: 1, nationId: 0, level: 1 };
+        const rulerCity = { ...baseCity(), id: 2, nationId: 0, level: 5 };
+        const ruler = { ...baseGeneral(), id: 2, nationId: 9, cityId: 2, officerLevel: 12 };
+        const ai = {
+            general: { ...baseGeneral(), nationId: 0, cityId: 1, npcState: 2, meta: {} },
+            city: currentCity,
+            map: {
+                id: 'test',
+                name: 'test',
+                defaults: {},
+                cities: [
+                    {
+                        id: 1,
+                        name: '현재',
+                        level: 1,
+                        region: 1,
+                        position: { x: 0, y: 0 },
+                        connections: [2],
+                        max: {},
+                        initial: {},
+                    },
+                    {
+                        id: 2,
+                        name: '군주',
+                        level: 5,
+                        region: 1,
+                        position: { x: 1, y: 0 },
+                        connections: [1],
+                        max: {},
+                        initial: {},
+                    },
+                ],
+            },
+            worldRef: {
+                listCities: () => [currentCity, rulerCity],
+                listGenerals: () => [ruler],
+                getCityById: (id: number) => (id === 1 ? currentCity : id === 2 ? rulerCity : null),
+            },
+            generalPolicy: { can: (name: string) => name === '건국' },
+            rng,
+            aiConst: { defaultStatNpcMax: 100, chiefStatMin: 70 },
+            world: { currentYear: 179, meta: { initYear: 179 } },
+            startYear: 179,
+            buildGeneralCandidate: (action: string, args: Record<string, unknown>, reason: string) => ({
+                action,
+                args,
+                reason,
+            }),
+        } as unknown as GeneralAI;
+
+        expect(do거병(ai)).toBeNull();
+        expect(rng.bools).toEqual([true]);
+    });
+
     it.each([
         [0, 0],
         [0, 2],
@@ -386,6 +513,30 @@ describe('legacy NPC AI final-decision parity', () => {
         }
     );
 
+    it('applies legacy personality cost modifiers before halving recruit crew', () => {
+        const ai = makeAi({
+            dipState: 2,
+            general: {
+                gold: 1_000,
+                rice: 10_000,
+                meta: { killturn: 100, fullLeadership: 70, rank_killcrew: 0, rank_deathcrew: 1 },
+            },
+            generalActionModules: singleActionModuleStack(
+                {
+                    eventHandlers: {},
+                    onCalcDomestic: (_context, turnType, varType, value) =>
+                        turnType === '징병' && varType === 'cost' ? value * 1.2 : value,
+                }
+            ),
+            rng: makeRng([], [0, 0]),
+        });
+
+        expect(do징병(ai)).toMatchObject({
+            action: 'che_징병',
+            args: { crewType: 1, amount: 3_500 },
+        });
+    });
+
     it.each([
         [0, 0],
         [0, 2000],
@@ -433,6 +584,68 @@ describe('legacy NPC AI final-decision parity', () => {
         expect(agriculture[1]).toBe(420);
     });
 
+    it('coerces fractional nation tech to an integer before the legacy modulo', () => {
+        const rng = makeRng([false], [0]);
+        const ai = makeAi({
+            dipState: 1,
+            genType: 6,
+            general: {
+                stats: { leadership: 73, strength: 44, intelligence: 98 },
+                meta: {
+                    killturn: 100,
+                    effectiveLeadership: 73,
+                    effectiveStrength: 69,
+                    effectiveIntelligence: 109,
+                },
+            },
+            city: {
+                population: 75_098,
+                populationMax: 108_500,
+            },
+            nation: { meta: { tech: 564.87353515625 } },
+            year: 185,
+            rng,
+        });
+
+        do전쟁내정(ai);
+        const weights = rng.weightedPairs.at(-1)!;
+        const technology = weights.find(([candidate]) => (candidate as Candidate).action === 'che_기술연구')!;
+        expect(technology[1]).toBeCloseTo(109 / (565 / 3000), 12);
+    });
+
+    it('uses injury-adjusted legacy stats when weighting domestic choices', () => {
+        const rng = makeRng([], [2]);
+        const ai = makeAi({
+            genType: 5,
+            general: {
+                stats: { leadership: 68, strength: 71, intelligence: 40 },
+                meta: {
+                    killturn: 100,
+                    effectiveLeadership: 68,
+                    effectiveStrength: 81,
+                    effectiveIntelligence: 58,
+                },
+            },
+            city: {
+                population: 100_000,
+                populationMax: 293_700,
+                defence: 2000,
+                defenceMax: 5900,
+                wall: 2000,
+                wallMax: 6300,
+                security: 1000,
+                securityMax: 4000,
+                meta: { trust: 50, trade: 100 },
+            },
+            rng,
+        });
+
+        expect(do일반내정(ai)?.action).toBe('che_수비강화');
+        const weights = rng.weightedPairs.at(-1)!;
+        const defence = weights.find(([candidate]) => (candidate as Candidate).action === 'che_수비강화')!;
+        expect(defence[1]).toBeCloseTo(238.95);
+    });
+
     it.each([
         [1500, 400, null],
         [10_000, 1000, 'che_군량매매'],
@@ -443,6 +656,48 @@ describe('legacy NPC AI final-decision parity', () => {
         expect(do금쌀구매(ai)?.action ?? null).toBe(expected);
     });
 
+    it('uses the global command cap rather than the nation-specific reward cap for trade', () => {
+        const ai = makeAi({ general: { gold: 355, rice: 3177 } });
+        ai.maxResourceActionAmount = 1200;
+
+        // 명령 parser가 이 원시 수량을 Ref처럼 백 단위 1400으로 반올림한다.
+        expect(do금쌀구매(ai)?.args).toEqual({ buyRice: false, amount: 1411 });
+    });
+
+    it('uses full leadership and the unit rice price for the trade reserve estimate', () => {
+        const ai = makeAi({
+            general: {
+                gold: 4000,
+                rice: 2000,
+                stats: { leadership: 10, strength: 70, intelligence: 70 },
+                meta: { killturn: 100, fullLeadership: 70 },
+            },
+        });
+        const crewType = ai.unitSet?.crewTypes?.[0];
+        if (!crewType) throw new Error('missing test crew type');
+        crewType.cost = 9;
+        crewType.rice = 20;
+
+        expect(do금쌀구매(ai)?.action).toBe('che_군량매매');
+    });
+
+    it('applies domestic action cost modifiers to the trade recruit reserve estimate', () => {
+        const ai = makeAi({
+            general: { gold: 900, rice: 100 },
+            generalActionModules: singleActionModuleStack({
+                eventHandlers: {},
+                onCalcDomestic: (_context, turnType, varType, value) =>
+                    turnType === '징병' && varType === 'cost' ? value * 2 : value,
+            }),
+        });
+        const crewType = ai.unitSet?.crewTypes?.[0];
+        if (!crewType) throw new Error('missing test crew type');
+        crewType.cost = 9;
+        crewType.rice = 9;
+
+        expect(do금쌀구매(ai)).toBeNull();
+    });
+
     it('randomly chooses between supply and search when national resources are sufficient', () => {
         const ai = makeAi({ rng: makeRng([], [1]) });
         expect(do중립(ai)?.action).toBe('che_인재탐색');
@@ -481,6 +736,16 @@ describe('legacy NPC AI final-decision parity', () => {
         expect(do국가선택(ai)).toBeNull();
     });
 
+    it('does not count the Core-only neutral nation as a legacy nation', () => {
+        const ai = makeAi({
+            general: { nationId: 0 },
+            year: 181,
+            nations: [{ ...baseNation(), id: 0, name: '재야' }],
+            rng: makeRng([true]),
+        });
+        expect(do국가선택(ai)).toBeNull();
+    });
+
     it.each([
         [false, 4, 100, 100, 2000, null],
         [true, 3, 100, 100, 2000, null],
@@ -519,6 +784,32 @@ describe('legacy NPC AI final-decision parity', () => {
         expect(do후방워프(ai)).toBeNull();
     });
 
+    it('uses full leadership for the legacy rear-warp recruitment floor', () => {
+        const ai = makeAi({
+            dipState: 4,
+            general: {
+                crew: 0,
+                stats: { leadership: 10, strength: 70, intelligence: 70 },
+                meta: { killturn: 100, fullLeadership: 100 },
+            },
+            city: { population: 10_000 },
+        });
+        ai.categorizeNationCities = () => {
+            const candidate = {
+                ...baseCity(),
+                id: 2,
+                population: 35_000,
+                populationMax: 50_000,
+                dev: 0.7,
+                important: 0,
+            };
+            ai.backupCities = { 2: candidate };
+            ai.supplyCities = { 2: candidate };
+        };
+
+        expect(do후방워프(ai)).toBeNull();
+    });
+
     it('categorizes generals before weighting a front-line warp destination', () => {
         const ai = makeAi({
             dipState: 4,
@@ -537,6 +828,32 @@ describe('legacy NPC AI final-decision parity', () => {
         expect(categorizedGenerals).toBe(true);
     });
 
+    it('keeps the legacy empty city-general counts when weighting a domestic warp', () => {
+        const ai = makeAi({ rng: makeRng([false, true]) });
+        ai.categorizeNationCities = () => {
+            ai.supplyCities = {
+                1: { ...baseCity(), dev: 1, important: 0, generals: {} },
+                2: {
+                    ...baseCity(),
+                    id: 2,
+                    agriculture: 1000,
+                    commerce: 1000,
+                    security: 1000,
+                    defence: 1000,
+                    wall: 1000,
+                    dev: 0.1,
+                    important: 0,
+                    generals: {},
+                },
+            };
+        };
+        ai.categorizeNationGeneral = () => {
+            throw new Error('Ref does not categorize generals in do내정워프');
+        };
+
+        expect(do내정워프(ai)?.action).toBe('che_NPC능동');
+    });
+
     it('awards a resource-poor civil user general like the legacy nation AI', () => {
         const ai = makeAi();
         const civilGeneral = {
@@ -553,6 +870,116 @@ describe('legacy NPC AI final-decision parity', () => {
         expect(do유저장포상(ai)?.action).toBe('che_포상');
     });
 
+    it('consumes the legacy reward draw before a selected command fails constraints', () => {
+        const rng = makeRng();
+        const ai = makeAi({ rng, blockedActions: ['che_포상'] });
+        const civilGeneral = {
+            ...baseGeneral(),
+            id: 2,
+            npcState: 0,
+            gold: 0,
+            rice: 20_000,
+            meta: { killturn: 100, fullLeadership: 70 },
+            turnTime: new Date('0190-01-01T00:00:00Z'),
+        };
+        ai.userGenerals = { 2: civilGeneral };
+        ai.userWarGenerals = {};
+
+        expect(do유저장포상(ai)).toBeNull();
+        expect(rng.weightedPairs).toHaveLength(1);
+    });
+
+    it('keeps Ref multiplication order at an exact NPC reward resource boundary', () => {
+        const rng = makeRng();
+        const ai = makeAi({
+            year: 185,
+            startYear: 180,
+            nation: { rice: 12_088, meta: { tech: 1_011.416320800781 } },
+            rng,
+        });
+        ai.nationPolicy.reqNationRice = 10_000;
+        ai.nationPolicy.reqNpcWarRice = 4_000;
+        ai.maxResourceActionAmount = 2_400;
+        const candidate = (id: number, leadership: number, rice: number) => ({
+            ...baseGeneral(),
+            id,
+            stats: { ...baseGeneral().stats, leadership },
+            rice,
+            crewTypeId: 1,
+            meta: { killturn: 100, fullLeadership: leadership },
+        });
+        ai.npcWarGenerals = {
+            180: candidate(180, 88, 3_005),
+            743: candidate(743, 80, 3_036),
+        };
+        ai.npcCivilGenerals = {};
+
+        expect(doNPC포상(ai)).toMatchObject({
+            action: 'che_포상',
+            args: { destGeneralId: 180, isGold: false },
+        });
+        expect(rng.weightedPairs[0]?.[0]?.[0]).toMatchObject({ destGeneralId: 180 });
+        expect(rng.weightedPairs[0]).toHaveLength(1);
+    });
+
+    it('excludes no-population recruitment specialists before NPC rear assignment draws RNG', () => {
+        const rng = makeRng([], [0, 0]);
+        const specialist = {
+            ...baseGeneral(),
+            id: 2,
+            cityId: 2,
+            crew: 0,
+            role: { ...baseGeneral().role, specialWar: 'che_징병' },
+            turnTime: new Date('0190-01-01T00:00:00Z'),
+        };
+        const ai = makeAi({
+            dipState: 4,
+            rng,
+            generals: [baseGeneral(), specialist],
+            generalActionModules: singleActionModuleStack(
+                {
+                    eventHandlers: {},
+                    onCalcDomestic: (context, turnType, varType, value) =>
+                        context.general.id === 2 && turnType === '징집인구' && varType === 'score' ? 0 : value,
+                }
+            ),
+        });
+        ai.frontCities = { 1: { ...baseCity(), frontState: 3, dev: 1, important: 1 } };
+        ai.supplyCities = {
+            2: {
+                ...baseCity(),
+                id: 2,
+                population: 40_000,
+                populationMax: 100_000,
+                dev: 1,
+                important: 1,
+            },
+            3: { ...baseCity(), id: 3, population: 100_000, dev: 1, important: 1 },
+        };
+        ai.backupCities = { 3: ai.supplyCities[3]! };
+        ai.npcWarGenerals = { 2: specialist };
+
+        expect(doNPC후방발령(ai)).toBeNull();
+        expect(rng.choices).toEqual([0, 0]);
+    });
+
+    it('draws the NPC front-assignment general before the weighted destination city', () => {
+        const rng = makeRng([], [1, 20]);
+        const first = { ...baseGeneral(), id: 2, crew: 3000, train: 100, atmos: 100 };
+        const second = { ...baseGeneral(), id: 3, crew: 3000, train: 100, atmos: 100 };
+        const ai = makeAi({ dipState: 4, rng });
+        ai.npcWarGenerals = { 2: first, 3: second };
+        ai.nationCities = { 1: { ...baseCity(), dev: 1, important: 1 } };
+        ai.frontCities = {
+            20: { ...baseCity(), id: 20, frontState: 2, dev: 1, important: 1 },
+        };
+
+        expect(doNPC전방발령(ai)).toMatchObject({
+            action: 'che_발령',
+            args: { destGeneralId: 3, destCityId: 20 },
+        });
+    });
+
     it('seizes a small war-NPC surplus while the treasury is below 1.5x reserve', () => {
         const ai = makeAi({ nation: { gold: 12_000, rice: 100_000 } });
         const warGeneral = {
diff --git a/app/game-engine/test/generalTurnLegacyCompatibility.test.ts b/app/game-engine/test/generalTurnLegacyCompatibility.test.ts
index aabbca32..3ad8b706 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/test/generalTurnLegacyCompatibility.test.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/test/generalTurnLegacyCompatibility.test.ts
@@ -152,6 +152,49 @@ const makeState = (): TurnWorldState => ({
 });
 
 describe('legacy general-turn execution contract', () => {
+    it('quantizes integer general columns at each in-memory DB mutation boundary', async () => {
+        const harness = await createTurnTestHarness({
+            snapshot: makeSnapshot(makeGeneral()),
+            state: makeState(),
+            schedule,
+            map,
+        });
+
+        harness.world.updateGeneral(1, {
+            experience: 10.5,
+            dedication: 20.49,
+            gold: 1_000.5,
+            rice: 1_000.49,
+            meta: { killturn: 24, dex4: 100.5, intel_exp: 29.5 },
+        });
+
+        expect(harness.world.getGeneralById(1)).toMatchObject({
+            experience: 11,
+            dedication: 20,
+            gold: 1_001,
+            rice: 1_000,
+            meta: { killturn: 24, dex4: 101, intel_exp: 30 },
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('applies inherited domestic stat progression after farming', async () => {
+        const general = makeGeneral({ meta: { killturn: 24, intel_exp: 29 } });
+        const harness = await createTurnTestHarness({
+            snapshot: makeSnapshot(general),
+            state: makeState(),
+            schedule,
+            map,
+        });
+        harness.reservedTurnStore.getGeneralTurns(1)[0] = { action: 'che_농지개간', args: {} };
+
+        await harness.runOneTick();
+
+        expect(harness.world.getGeneralById(1)).toMatchObject({
+            stats: { leadership: 80, strength: 70, intelligence: 61 },
+            meta: { intel_exp: 0 },
+        });
+    });
+
     it('runs injury recovery and troop rice consumption before the reserved command', async () => {
         const general = makeGeneral({ injury: 25, crew: 200, rice: 1 });
         const harness = await createTurnTestHarness({
diff --git a/app/game-engine/test/monthlyCoreEventAction.test.ts b/app/game-engine/test/monthlyCoreEventAction.test.ts
index 62e21c35..72df2122 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/test/monthlyCoreEventAction.test.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/test/monthlyCoreEventAction.test.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { LogCategory, LogFormat, LogScope, type City, type MapDefinition, type N
 
 import { createIncomeHandler } from '../src/turn/incomeHandler.js';
 import { InMemoryTurnWorld } from '../src/turn/inMemoryWorld.js';
+import { calculateNpcNationFinance } from '../src/turn/npcTaxHandler.js';
 import {
     createNewYearHandler,
     createNoticeToHistoryLogHandler,
@@ -10,6 +11,7 @@ import {
     createResetOfficerLockHandler,
 } from '../src/turn/monthlyCoreEventAction.js';
 import { createMonthlyEventHandler, type MonthlyEventActionHandler } from '../src/turn/monthlyEventHandler.js';
+import { buildCommandEnv } from '../src/turn/reservedTurnCommands.js';
 import type { TurnGeneral, TurnWorldSnapshot, TurnWorldState } from '../src/turn/types.js';
 
 const map: MapDefinition = {
@@ -318,4 +320,148 @@ describe('core monthly event actions at the real month boundary', () => {
             },
         });
     });
+
+    it('keeps fractional income for the legacy salary payout ratio', async () => {
+        const nation = buildNation();
+        nation.gold = 0;
+        nation.meta = { ...nation.meta, rate: 15, rate_tmp: 15, bill: 100 };
+        const world = buildWorld(
+            [
+                {
+                    id: 4,
+                    targetCode: 'month',
+                    priority: 1,
+                    condition: true,
+                    action: [['ProcessIncome', 'gold']],
+                    meta: {},
+                },
+            ],
+            (getWorld) => {
+                const incomeHandler = createIncomeHandler({
+                    getWorld,
+                    scenarioConfig: {
+                        stat: {
+                            total: 300,
+                            min: 10,
+                            max: 100,
+                            npcTotal: 150,
+                            npcMax: 50,
+                            npcMin: 10,
+                            chiefMin: 70,
+                        },
+                        iconPath: '',
+                        map: {},
+                        const: { baseGold: 0, baseRice: 0 },
+                        environment: { mapName: map.id, unitSet: 'default' },
+                    },
+                    nationTraits: new Map(),
+                });
+                return new Map([['ProcessIncome', createProcessIncomeActionHandler(incomeHandler)]]);
+            },
+            {
+                currentMonth: 12,
+                generals: [buildGeneral(1, 1, 3)],
+                nations: [nation],
+                cities: [buildCity()],
+            }
+        );
+
+        await world.advanceMonth(new Date('0191-01-01T00:00:00.000Z'));
+
+        expect(world.getNationById(1)?.meta.prev_income_gold).toBe(157.5);
+    });
+
+    it('uses the Ref default nation resource floors when scenario const omits them', async () => {
+        const nation = buildNation();
+        nation.rice = 0;
+        const general = buildGeneral(1, 1, 3);
+        const world = buildWorld(
+            [
+                {
+                    id: 5,
+                    targetCode: 'month',
+                    priority: 1,
+                    condition: true,
+                    action: [['ProcessIncome', 'rice']],
+                    meta: {},
+                },
+            ],
+            (getWorld) => {
+                const incomeHandler = createIncomeHandler({
+                    getWorld,
+                    scenarioConfig: {
+                        stat: {
+                            total: 300,
+                            min: 10,
+                            max: 100,
+                            npcTotal: 150,
+                            npcMax: 50,
+                            npcMin: 10,
+                            chiefMin: 70,
+                        },
+                        iconPath: '',
+                        map: {},
+                        const: {},
+                        environment: { mapName: map.id, unitSet: 'default' },
+                    },
+                    nationTraits: new Map(),
+                });
+                return new Map([['ProcessIncome', createProcessIncomeActionHandler(incomeHandler)]]);
+            },
+            {
+                currentMonth: 6,
+                generals: [general],
+                nations: [nation],
+                cities: [buildCity()],
+            }
+        );
+
+        await world.advanceMonth(new Date('0190-07-01T00:00:00.000Z'));
+
+        expect(world.getNationById(1)?.rice).toBe(2_000);
+        expect(world.getGeneralById(1)?.rice).toBe(general.rice);
+    });
+
+    it('excludes the NPC ruler stipend when choosing the nation bill like Ref', () => {
+        const config: TurnWorldSnapshot['scenarioConfig'] = {
+            stat: { total: 300, min: 10, max: 100, npcTotal: 150, npcMax: 50, npcMin: 10, chiefMin: 70 },
+            iconPath: '',
+            map: {},
+            const: { baseGold: 0, baseRice: 0 },
+            environment: { mapName: map.id, unitSet: 'default' },
+        };
+        const buildFinanceWorld = (chiefDedication: number) => {
+            const chief = buildGeneral(1, 1, 3);
+            chief.npcState = 2;
+            chief.officerLevel = 12;
+            chief.dedication = chiefDedication;
+            const subordinate = buildGeneral(2, 1, 3);
+            subordinate.npcState = 2;
+            return buildWorld([], () => new Map(), {
+                currentMonth: 12,
+                generals: [chief, subordinate],
+                nations: [buildNation()],
+                cities: [buildCity()],
+            });
+        };
+        const options = { scenarioConfig: config, commandEnv: buildCommandEnv(config) };
+        const lowChiefWorld = buildFinanceWorld(1);
+        const highChiefWorld = buildFinanceWorld(100_000);
+
+        const lowChiefBill = calculateNpcNationFinance(
+            lowChiefWorld,
+            lowChiefWorld.getNationById(1)!,
+            12,
+            options
+        )?.bill;
+        const highChiefBill = calculateNpcNationFinance(
+            highChiefWorld,
+            highChiefWorld.getNationById(1)!,
+            12,
+            options
+        )?.bill;
+
+        expect(lowChiefBill).toBeTypeOf('number');
+        expect(highChiefBill).toBe(lowChiefBill);
+    });
 });
diff --git a/app/game-engine/test/monthlyEventHandler.test.ts b/app/game-engine/test/monthlyEventHandler.test.ts
index 4d112b9e..8af73e09 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/test/monthlyEventHandler.test.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/test/monthlyEventHandler.test.ts
@@ -140,7 +140,9 @@ describe('monthly event pipeline', () => {
             [
                 'Trace',
                 (args, environment) => {
-                    trace.push(`${String(args[0])}:${environment.year}-${environment.month}`);
+                    trace.push(
+                        `${String(args[0])}:${environment.year}-${environment.month}:${environment.turnTime.toISOString()}`
+                    );
                 },
             ],
         ]);
@@ -176,7 +178,11 @@ describe('monthly event pipeline', () => {
 
         await world.advanceMonth(new Date('0190-01-01T00:00:00.000Z'));
 
-        expect(trace).toEqual(['pre:189-12', 'month-high:190-1', 'month-low:190-1']);
+        expect(trace).toEqual([
+            'pre:189-12:0189-12-31T23:50:00.000Z',
+            'month-high:190-1:0189-12-31T23:50:00.000Z',
+            'month-low:190-1:0189-12-31T23:50:00.000Z',
+        ]);
     });
 
     it('supports logic conditions and persists DeleteEvent through dirty state', async () => {
@@ -236,7 +242,7 @@ describe('monthly event pipeline', () => {
                 },
             ],
             actions,
-            [buildCity(1, 1), buildCity(2, 4), buildCity(3, 5), buildCity(4, 6), buildCity(5, 7), buildCity(6, 8)]
+            [buildCity(6, 8), buildCity(1, 1), buildCity(2, 4), buildCity(3, 5), buildCity(4, 6), buildCity(5, 7)]
         );
         actions.set(
             'RandomizeCityTradeRate',
@@ -254,12 +260,12 @@ describe('monthly event pipeline', () => {
                 marker: city.meta.marker,
             }))
         ).toEqual([
+            { id: 6, trade: 102, marker: 6 },
             { id: 1, trade: null, marker: 1 },
             { id: 2, trade: null, marker: 2 },
             { id: 3, trade: 101, marker: 3 },
             { id: 4, trade: 100, marker: 4 },
             { id: 5, trade: 105, marker: 5 },
-            { id: 6, trade: 102, marker: 6 },
         ]);
         expect(world.peekDirtyState().cities.map((city) => city.id)).toEqual([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
     });
@@ -386,7 +392,7 @@ describe('monthly event pipeline', () => {
             wall: 81,
             meta: { trade: 100, marker: 1 },
         });
-        expect(damagedCity?.meta.trust).toBeCloseTo(79.6);
+        expect(damagedCity?.meta.trust).toBe(Math.fround(79.6));
         expect(world.getGeneralById(1)).toMatchObject({ injury: 0, crew: 99, atmos: 50, train: 51 });
         expect(world.getGeneralById(2)).toMatchObject({ injury: 7, crew: 97, atmos: 49, train: 50 });
         expect(world.getGeneralById(3)).toMatchObject({ injury: 80, crew: 97, atmos: 49, train: 50 });
diff --git a/app/game-engine/test/monthlyNationLevelAction.test.ts b/app/game-engine/test/monthlyNationLevelAction.test.ts
index 92c213b0..0cfa5756 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/test/monthlyNationLevelAction.test.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/test/monthlyNationLevelAction.test.ts
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ const buildCity = (id: number, nationId = 1, level = 4): City => ({
     meta: {},
 });
 
-const buildNation = (level: number): Nation => ({
+const buildNation = (level: number, patch: Partial<Nation> = {}): Nation => ({
     id: 1,
     name: '위',
     color: '#000000',
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ const buildNation = (level: number): Nation => ({
     level,
     typeCode: 'che_중립',
     meta: { marker: 1 },
+    ...patch,
 });
 
 const buildGeneral = (id: number, patch: Partial<TurnGeneral> = {}): TurnGeneral => ({
@@ -113,6 +114,7 @@ const buildHarness = async (
         itemModules?: ItemModule[];
         configConst?: Record<string, unknown>;
         additionalOccupiedCounts?: Map<string, number>;
+        neutralCityCount?: number;
     } = {}
 ) => {
     const state: TurnWorldState = {
@@ -143,8 +145,27 @@ const buildHarness = async (
             defaults: { trust: 50, trade: 100, supplyState: 1, frontState: 0 },
         },
         generals: [buildGeneral(1), buildGeneral(2, { meta: { killturn: 850, belong: 30 } })],
-        cities: Array.from({ length: cityCount }, (_, index) => buildCity(index + 1)),
-        nations: [buildNation(nationLevel)],
+        cities: [
+            ...Array.from({ length: cityCount }, (_, index) => buildCity(index + 1)),
+            ...Array.from({ length: options.neutralCityCount ?? 0 }, (_, index) =>
+                buildCity(cityCount + index + 1, 0)
+            ),
+        ],
+        nations: [
+            ...(options.neutralCityCount
+                ? [
+                      buildNation(0, {
+                          id: 0,
+                          name: '재야',
+                          capitalCityId: null,
+                          chiefGeneralId: null,
+                          gold: 0,
+                          rice: 0,
+                      }),
+                  ]
+                : []),
+            buildNation(nationLevel),
+        ],
         troops: [],
         diplomacy: [],
         events: [event],
@@ -236,6 +257,15 @@ describe('UpdateNationLevel monthly action', () => {
         expect(world.peekDirtyState().logs).toEqual([]);
     });
 
+    it('never promotes the Core-only neutral nation sentinel from neutral cities', async () => {
+        const { world, handler } = await buildHarness(0, 0, { neutralCityCount: 21 });
+
+        await handler([], { year: 193, month: 2, startyear: 190, currentEventID: 1, turnTime: new Date() }, event);
+
+        expect(world.getNationById(0)).toMatchObject({ level: 0, gold: 0, rice: 0 });
+        expect(world.peekDirtyState().logs).toEqual([]);
+    });
+
     it('sets both rename permissions only on promotion to emperor', async () => {
         const { world, handler } = await buildHarness(6, 21);
 
diff --git a/app/game-engine/test/monthlyNationStatsHandler.test.ts b/app/game-engine/test/monthlyNationStatsHandler.test.ts
index c09ff68f..404996c6 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/test/monthlyNationStatsHandler.test.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/test/monthlyNationStatsHandler.test.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import {
     createMonthlyNationCountHandler,
     createMonthlyNationStatsHandler,
     createMonthlyWarSettingHandler,
+    roundLegacyNationPowerValue,
 } from '../src/turn/monthlyNationStatsHandler.js';
 import type { TurnGeneral, TurnWorldSnapshot, TurnWorldState } from '../src/turn/types.js';
 
@@ -107,6 +108,10 @@ const buildNation = (
 });
 
 describe('monthly nation statistics boundary', () => {
+    it('stabilizes MariaDB decimal half boundaries before rounding', () => {
+        expect(roundLegacyNationPowerValue(342.49999999999994)).toBe(343);
+    });
+
     it('matches the fixed legacy power, maxima, war-setting count, and final general cache', async () => {
         const state: TurnWorldState = {
             id: 1,
diff --git a/app/game-engine/test/monthlySemiAnnualAction.test.ts b/app/game-engine/test/monthlySemiAnnualAction.test.ts
index 9d11a9d4..11315507 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/test/monthlySemiAnnualAction.test.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/test/monthlySemiAnnualAction.test.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
 import type { City, Nation, NationTraitModule } from '@sammo-ts/logic';
 
 import { InMemoryTurnWorld } from '../src/turn/inMemoryWorld.js';
-import { createProcessSemiAnnualHandler } from '../src/turn/monthlySemiAnnualAction.js';
+import {
+    createProcessSemiAnnualHandler,
+    storeLegacySemiAnnualTrust,
+} from '../src/turn/monthlySemiAnnualAction.js';
 import type { TurnEvent, TurnGeneral, TurnWorldSnapshot, TurnWorldState } from '../src/turn/types.js';
 
 const buildCity = (id: number, patch: Partial<City> = {}): City => ({
@@ -151,6 +154,11 @@ const environment = {
 };
 
 describe('ProcessSemiAnnual monthly action', () => {
+    it('stores the adjusted trust at the MariaDB FLOAT boundary', () => {
+        expect(storeLegacySemiAnnualTrust(88.30675 + 10)).toBe(Math.fround(98.30675));
+        expect(storeLegacySemiAnnualTrust(88.30675 + 10)).not.toBe(98.30675);
+    });
+
     it('preserves the global popIncrease order, neutral double decay, supplied filtering, and nation trait', async () => {
         const { world, handler } = buildHarness({
             configConst: { basePopIncreaseAmount: 15_000 },
@@ -241,6 +249,17 @@ describe('ProcessSemiAnnual monthly action', () => {
         });
     });
 
+    it('rounds decimal half boundaries like MariaDB ROUND', async () => {
+        const { world, handler } = buildHarness({
+            cities: [buildCity(1, { defence: 2_000, wall: 2_000 })],
+            nations: [buildNation(1, { meta: { rate: 15 } })],
+        });
+
+        await handler(['gold'], environment, event);
+
+        expect(world.getCityById(1)).toMatchObject({ defence: 2_030, wall: 2_030 });
+    });
+
     it('applies strict legacy resource thresholds to generals and nations for either resource', async () => {
         const amounts = [1_000, 1_001, 10_000, 10_001, 100_000, 100_001];
         const { world, handler } = buildHarness({
diff --git a/app/game-engine/test/scenarioSeeder.test.ts b/app/game-engine/test/scenarioSeeder.test.ts
index 7873eabc..348c3046 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/test/scenarioSeeder.test.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/test/scenarioSeeder.test.ts
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ describeDb('scenario database seed', () => {
             expect(worldState?.config).toMatchObject({ tournamentTrig: true });
             expect(generalCount).toBeGreaterThan(0);
             const seededGeneral = await prisma.general.findFirst();
-            expect(seededGeneral?.startAge).toBe(seededGeneral?.age);
+            expect(seededGeneral?.startAge).toBe(20);
             expect(seededGeneral?.meta).toEqual(
                 expect.objectContaining({
                     specage: expect.any(Number),
@@ -239,6 +239,7 @@ describeDb('scenario database seed', () => {
             expect(config.tournamentTrig).toBe(false);
 
             const meta = (worldState.meta ?? {}) as Record<string, unknown>;
+            expect(meta.develcost).toBe((worldState.currentYear - (scenario.startYear ?? worldState.currentYear) + 10) * 2);
             const autorun = (meta.autorun_user ?? {}) as Record<string, unknown>;
             const autorunOptions = (autorun.options ?? {}) as Record<string, unknown>;
             expect(autorunOptions.develop).toBe(true);
diff --git a/app/game-engine/test/tournamentAutoStart.test.ts b/app/game-engine/test/tournamentAutoStart.test.ts
index 513b1503..fb55d21c 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/test/tournamentAutoStart.test.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/test/tournamentAutoStart.test.ts
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ describe('monthly tournament auto start', () => {
             auto: true,
             openYear: 193,
             openMonth: 2,
-            termSeconds: 600,
+            termSeconds: 10,
             nextAt: '2026-07-25T00:10:00.000Z',
         });
         expect(world.getState().meta.tournamentPattern).toEqual([0, 1, 2]);
@@ -218,8 +218,8 @@ describe('monthly tournament auto start', () => {
             const second = await run();
             expect(second).toEqual(first);
             expect(first).toEqual({
-                tournamentState: expect.objectContaining({ type: 1 }),
-                remainingPattern: [2, 0, 0, 3],
+                tournamentState: expect.objectContaining({ type: 0, bettingId: 1 }),
+                remainingPattern: [1, 3, 2, 0],
             });
         } finally {
             random.mockRestore();
diff --git a/app/game-engine/test/turnDaemonLifecycle.test.ts b/app/game-engine/test/turnDaemonLifecycle.test.ts
index e4642566..c095c7a3 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/test/turnDaemonLifecycle.test.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/test/turnDaemonLifecycle.test.ts
@@ -280,12 +280,11 @@ describe('TurnDaemonLifecycle', () => {
         await loop;
     });
 
-    it('runs scheduled turn based on queue front and checkpoint context', async () => {
+    it('catches up through the observed clock with queue and checkpoint context', async () => {
         const turnTermMinutes = 10;
         const lastTurnTime = new Date(2026, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0);
         const generalTurnQueue = [addMinutes(lastTurnTime, 5), addMinutes(lastTurnTime, 20)];
-        const nextTickTime = getNextTickTime(lastTurnTime, turnTermMinutes);
-        const expectedRunTimeMs = Math.min(nextTickTime.getTime(), generalTurnQueue[0]!.getTime());
+        const expectedRunTimeMs = addMinutes(lastTurnTime, 30).getTime();
         const checkpoint = {
             turnTime: lastTurnTime.toISOString(),
             generalId: 101,
@@ -358,12 +357,11 @@ describe('TurnDaemonLifecycle', () => {
         await loop;
     });
 
-    it('runs scheduled turn when tick boundary arrives before queue front', async () => {
+    it('catches up through the observed clock when tick boundary precedes the queue front', async () => {
         const turnTermMinutes = 10;
         const lastTurnTime = new Date(2026, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0);
         const generalTurnQueue = [addMinutes(lastTurnTime, 15), addMinutes(lastTurnTime, 30)];
-        const nextTickTime = getNextTickTime(lastTurnTime, turnTermMinutes);
-        const expectedRunTimeMs = Math.min(nextTickTime.getTime(), generalTurnQueue[0]!.getTime());
+        const expectedRunTimeMs = addMinutes(lastTurnTime, 30).getTime();
         const checkpoint = {
             turnTime: lastTurnTime.toISOString(),
             generalId: 102,
diff --git a/app/game-engine/test/turnOrder.test.ts b/app/game-engine/test/turnOrder.test.ts
index aabfa611..8dbd8b39 100644
--- a/app/game-engine/test/turnOrder.test.ts
+++ b/app/game-engine/test/turnOrder.test.ts
@@ -150,13 +150,23 @@ describe('InMemoryTurnProcessor ordering', () => {
             },
         });
 
-        await processor.run(addMinutes(baseTime, 30), {
+        const budget = {
             budgetMs: 1000,
             maxGenerals: 10,
             catchUpCap: 1,
-        });
+        };
 
-        expect(executed).toEqual([2, 3, 1]);
+        const boundaryResult = await processor.run(addMinutes(baseTime, 10), budget);
+        expect(boundaryResult.processedTurns).toBe(1);
+        expect(executed).toEqual([]);
+
+        const tiedGeneralResult = await processor.run(new Date(addMinutes(baseTime, 10).getTime() + 1), budget);
+        expect(tiedGeneralResult.processedTurns).toBe(0);
+        expect(executed).toEqual([2, 3]);
+
+        await processor.run(addMinutes(baseTime, 30), budget);
+
+        expect(executed).toEqual([2, 3, 1, 2, 3]);
         expect(world.getNextGeneralId()).toBe(4);
         expect(world.getNextGeneralId()).toBe(5);
         expect(world.getState().meta).toMatchObject({ lastGeneralId: 5 });
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/engine.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/engine.ts
index 67070aef..ae8997c8 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/engine.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/engine.ts
@@ -107,6 +107,11 @@ export interface GeneralActionOutcome<TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState =
     effects: GeneralActionEffect<TriggerState>[];
     completed?: boolean;
     deletedTroopIds?: number[];
+    reservedGeneralTurnPlans?: Array<{
+        generalId: number;
+        joinTurn: number;
+        destNationId: number;
+    }>;
     alternative?: {
         commandKey: string;
         args: unknown;
@@ -148,6 +153,11 @@ export interface GeneralActionResolution {
         args: unknown;
     };
     deletedTroopIds?: number[];
+    reservedGeneralTurnPlans?: Array<{
+        generalId: number;
+        joinTurn: number;
+        destNationId: number;
+    }>;
 }
 
 export const createGeneralPatchEffect = <TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = GeneralTriggerState>(
@@ -391,6 +401,9 @@ export const resolveGeneralAction = <TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState =
         effects: pendingEffects,
         ...(outcome?.alternative ? { alternative: outcome.alternative } : {}),
         ...(outcome?.deletedTroopIds?.length ? { deletedTroopIds: outcome.deletedTroopIds } : {}),
+        ...(outcome?.reservedGeneralTurnPlans?.length
+            ? { reservedGeneralTurnPlans: outcome.reservedGeneralTurnPlans }
+            : {}),
     };
     if (nextWorld.city) {
         resolution.city = nextWorld.city as City;
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/actionContextHelpers.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/actionContextHelpers.ts
index 1f9efc25..49adcc29 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/actionContextHelpers.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/actionContextHelpers.ts
@@ -158,6 +158,8 @@ const DEFAULT_AFTER_CONFIG = {
     techLevelIncYear: 5,
     initialAllowedTechLevel: 1,
     defaultCityWall: 1000,
+    baseGold: 0,
+    baseRice: 2000,
 };
 
 const resolveNumber = (record: Record<string, unknown>, keys: string[], fallback: number): number => {
@@ -205,6 +207,8 @@ export const buildWarConfig = (scenarioConfig: ScenarioConfig, unitSet: UnitSetD
         maxAtmosByCommand: resolveNumber(constValues, ['maxAtmosByCommand'], DEFAULT_WAR_CONFIG.maxAtmosByCommand),
         maxTrainByWar: resolveNumber(constValues, ['maxTrainByWar'], DEFAULT_WAR_CONFIG.maxTrainByWar),
         maxAtmosByWar: resolveNumber(constValues, ['maxAtmosByWar'], DEFAULT_WAR_CONFIG.maxAtmosByWar),
+        maxGeneralStat: resolveNumber(constValues, ['maxLevel'], 255),
+        statUpgradeLimit: resolveNumber(constValues, ['upgradeLimit'], 30),
         castleCrewTypeId,
         armTypes: {
             footman: 1,
@@ -233,9 +237,11 @@ export const buildWarAftermathConfig = (
         ),
         maxTechLevel: resolveNumber(constValues, ['maxTechLevel'], 0),
         defaultCityWall: resolveNumber(constValues, ['defaultCityWall'], DEFAULT_AFTER_CONFIG.defaultCityWall),
-        baseGold: resolveNumber(constValues, ['baseGold', 'basegold'], 0),
-        baseRice: resolveNumber(constValues, ['baseRice', 'baserice'], 0),
+        baseGold: resolveNumber(constValues, ['baseGold', 'basegold'], DEFAULT_AFTER_CONFIG.baseGold),
+        baseRice: resolveNumber(constValues, ['baseRice', 'baserice'], DEFAULT_AFTER_CONFIG.baseRice),
         castleCrewTypeId,
+        joinMode: 'full',
+        joinRuinedNpcProbability: resolveNumber(constValues, ['joinRuinedNPCProp'], 0.1),
     };
 };
 
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_거병.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_거병.ts
index e7ac1bf4..89543cf1 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_거병.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_거병.ts
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import type { TurnCommandEnv } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actions/turn/commandEnv.js'
 import type { ActionContextBuilder, ActionContextBase } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actions/turn/actionContext.js';
 import { tryApplyUniqueLottery } from '@sammo-ts/logic/rewards/uniqueLottery.js';
 import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
+import { GeneralActionPipeline } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actionModules/general.js';
 import { getLegacyStringWidth } from '@sammo-ts/logic/troop/management.js';
 
 export interface UprisingArgs {}
@@ -30,8 +31,12 @@ export interface UprisingContext extends ActionContextBase {
 }
 
 const ACTION_NAME = '거병';
-const formatHourMinute = (date: Date): string =>
-    `${String(date.getUTCHours()).padStart(2, '0')}:${String(date.getUTCMinutes()).padStart(2, '0')}`;
+const formatHourMinute = (date: unknown): string => {
+    if (!(date instanceof Date) || Number.isNaN(date.getTime())) {
+        return '00:00';
+    }
+    return `${String(date.getUTCHours()).padStart(2, '0')}:${String(date.getUTCMinutes()).padStart(2, '0')}`;
+};
 
 const truncateLegacyWidth = (value: string, maxWidth: number): string => {
     let result = '';
@@ -52,6 +57,11 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
 > implements GeneralActionDefinition<TriggerState, UprisingArgs> {
     public readonly key = 'che_거병';
     public readonly name = ACTION_NAME;
+    private readonly pipeline: GeneralActionPipeline<TriggerState>;
+
+    constructor(env: TurnCommandEnv) {
+        this.pipeline = new GeneralActionPipeline(env.generalActionModules ?? []);
+    }
     getInheritanceActiveActionAmount(): number {
         return 1;
     }
@@ -89,15 +99,6 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
             nationName = '㉥' + nationName;
         }
 
-        const npcNationPolicy =
-            general.npcState >= 2
-                ? {
-                      values: {
-                          minNPCRecruitCityPopulation: 0,
-                      },
-                  }
-                : undefined;
-
         const newNation: Nation = {
             id: newNationId,
             name: nationName,
@@ -116,7 +117,6 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
                 surlimit: 72,
                 secretlimit: uprisingCtx.scenarioId >= 1000 ? 1 : 3,
                 gennum: 1,
-                ...(npcNationPolicy ? { npc_nation_policy: npcNationPolicy } : {}),
             },
         };
 
@@ -158,8 +158,8 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
             createGeneralPatchEffect<TriggerState>({
                 nationId: newNationId,
                 officerLevel: 12,
-                experience: (general.experience || 0) + 100,
-                dedication: (general.dedication || 0) + 100,
+                experience: (general.experience || 0) + this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'experience', 100),
+                dedication: (general.dedication || 0) + this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'dedication', 100),
                 meta: {
                     ...general.meta,
                     belong: 1,
@@ -200,5 +200,5 @@ export const commandSpec: GeneralTurnCommandSpec = {
     category: '전략',
     reqArg: false,
 
-    createDefinition: (_env: TurnCommandEnv) => new ActionDefinition(),
+    createDefinition: (env: TurnCommandEnv) => new ActionDefinition(env),
 };
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_건국.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_건국.ts
index e7a20dc3..fdf4c410 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_건국.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_건국.ts
@@ -23,19 +23,16 @@ import type { TurnCommandEnv } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actions/turn/commandEnv.js'
 import type { ActionContextBuilder } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actions/turn/actionContext.js';
 import { resolveInitYearMonth } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actions/turn/actionContextHelpers.js';
 import { tryApplyUniqueLottery } from '@sammo-ts/logic/rewards/uniqueLottery.js';
+import { GeneralActionPipeline } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actionModules/general.js';
 import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
 import { parseArgsWithSchema } from '../parseArgs.js';
 import { JosaUtil } from '@sammo-ts/common';
-import {
-    FOUNDING_ARGS_SCHEMA,
-    getNationTypeDisplayName,
-    NATION_COLORS,
-    type FoundingArgs,
-} from './foundingShared.js';
+import { FOUNDING_ARGS_SCHEMA, getNationTypeDisplayName, NATION_COLORS, type FoundingArgs } from './foundingShared.js';
 
 const ACTION_NAME = '건국';
-interface FoundingResolveContext<TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = GeneralTriggerState>
-    extends GeneralActionResolveContext<TriggerState> {
+interface FoundingResolveContext<
+    TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = GeneralTriggerState,
+> extends GeneralActionResolveContext<TriggerState> {
     currentYearMonth?: number;
     initYearMonth?: number;
 }
@@ -45,6 +42,12 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
 > implements GeneralActionDefinition<TriggerState, FoundingArgs> {
     public readonly key = 'che_건국';
     public readonly name = ACTION_NAME;
+    private readonly pipeline: GeneralActionPipeline<TriggerState>;
+
+    constructor(env: TurnCommandEnv) {
+        this.pipeline = new GeneralActionPipeline(env.generalActionModules ?? []);
+    }
+
     getInheritanceActiveActionAmount(): number {
         return 1;
     }
@@ -74,10 +77,7 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
         ];
     }
 
-    resolve(
-        context: FoundingResolveContext<TriggerState>,
-        args: FoundingArgs
-    ): GeneralActionOutcome<TriggerState> {
+    resolve(context: FoundingResolveContext<TriggerState>, args: FoundingArgs): GeneralActionOutcome<TriggerState> {
         const general = context.general;
         const nation = context.nation!;
         const cityId = general.cityId!;
@@ -119,14 +119,11 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
             scope: LogScope.GENERAL,
             format: LogFormat.YEAR_MONTH,
         });
-        context.addLog(
-            `<Y>${general.name}</>${josaGeneralYi} <D><b>${args.nationName}</b></>${josaNationUl} 건국`,
-            {
-                category: LogCategory.HISTORY,
-                scope: LogScope.NATION,
-                format: LogFormat.YEAR_MONTH,
-            }
-        );
+        context.addLog(`<Y>${general.name}</>${josaGeneralYi} <D><b>${args.nationName}</b></>${josaNationUl} 건국`, {
+            category: LogCategory.HISTORY,
+            scope: LogScope.NATION,
+            format: LogFormat.YEAR_MONTH,
+        });
 
         tryApplyUniqueLottery(context, {
             acquireType: '건국',
@@ -157,8 +154,8 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
                 cityId
             ),
             createGeneralPatchEffect<TriggerState>({
-                experience: (general.experience || 0) + 1000,
-                dedication: (general.dedication || 0) + 1000,
+                experience: (general.experience || 0) + this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'experience', 1000),
+                dedication: (general.dedication || 0) + this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'dedication', 1000),
             }),
         ];
 
@@ -186,5 +183,5 @@ export const commandSpec: GeneralTurnCommandSpec = {
         colorType: 'number',
     },
     argsSchema: FOUNDING_ARGS_SCHEMA,
-    createDefinition: (_env: TurnCommandEnv) => new ActionDefinition(),
+    createDefinition: (env: TurnCommandEnv) => new ActionDefinition(env),
 };
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_견문.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_견문.ts
index b82b7dea..7e1efc46 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_견문.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_견문.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import { defaultActionContextBuilder } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actions/turn/action
 import { tryApplyUniqueLottery } from '@sammo-ts/logic/rewards/uniqueLottery.js';
 import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
 import { increaseMetaNumber } from '@sammo-ts/logic/war/utils.js';
+import { GeneralActionPipeline } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actionModules/general.js';
 
 export interface SightseeingArgs {}
 
@@ -172,6 +173,11 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
 > implements GeneralActionDefinition<TriggerState, SightseeingArgs> {
     public readonly key = 'che_견문';
     public readonly name = ACTION_NAME;
+    private readonly pipeline: GeneralActionPipeline<TriggerState>;
+
+    public constructor(env: TurnCommandEnv) {
+        this.pipeline = new GeneralActionPipeline(env.generalActionModules ?? []);
+    }
 
     parseArgs(_raw: unknown): SightseeingArgs | null {
         void _raw;
@@ -231,7 +237,7 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
             general.injury = Math.min(80, general.injury + delta);
         }
 
-        general.experience += exp;
+        general.experience += this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'experience', exp);
 
         context.addLog(message);
         tryApplyUniqueLottery(context, { acquireType: '아이템', reason: ACTION_NAME });
@@ -248,5 +254,5 @@ export const commandSpec: GeneralTurnCommandSpec = {
     category: '개인',
     reqArg: false,
 
-    createDefinition: (_env: TurnCommandEnv) => new ActionDefinition(),
+    createDefinition: (env: TurnCommandEnv) => new ActionDefinition(env),
 };
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_군량매매.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_군량매매.ts
index da32d968..564534e8 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_군량매매.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_군량매매.ts
@@ -17,10 +17,12 @@ import { tryApplyUniqueLottery } from '@sammo-ts/logic/rewards/uniqueLottery.js'
 import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
 import { parseArgsWithSchema } from '../parseArgs.js';
 import { normalizeResourceActionAmount } from '../resourceAmount.js';
+import { GeneralActionPipeline } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actionModules/general.js';
 
 export interface TradeEnvironment {
     exchangeFee?: number;
     maxResourceActionAmount?: number;
+    generalActionModules?: TurnCommandEnv['generalActionModules'];
 }
 
 const ACTION_NAME = '군량매매';
@@ -37,9 +39,11 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
     public readonly key = 'che_군량매매';
     public readonly name = ACTION_NAME;
     private readonly env: TradeEnvironment;
+    private readonly pipeline: GeneralActionPipeline<TriggerState>;
 
     constructor(env: TradeEnvironment = {}) {
         this.env = env;
+        this.pipeline = new GeneralActionPipeline(env.generalActionModules ?? []);
     }
 
     parseArgs(raw: unknown): TradeArgs | null {
@@ -126,8 +130,8 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
         }
 
         // 경험치 및 명성 증가
-        general.experience += 30;
-        general.dedication += 50;
+        general.experience += this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'experience', 30);
+        general.dedication += this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'dedication', 50);
         const weightedStats = [
             ['leadership_exp', general.stats.leadership],
             ['strength_exp', general.stats.strength],
@@ -167,5 +171,6 @@ export const commandSpec: GeneralTurnCommandSpec = {
     createDefinition: (env: TurnCommandEnv) =>
         new ActionDefinition({
             maxResourceActionAmount: env.maxResourceActionAmount,
+            generalActionModules: env.generalActionModules,
         }),
 };
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_귀환.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_귀환.ts
index dfadc3c2..a00ef026 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_귀환.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_귀환.ts
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import type { TurnCommandEnv } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actions/turn/commandEnv.js'
 import type { ActionContextBuilder } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actions/turn/actionContext.js';
 import { tryApplyUniqueLottery } from '@sammo-ts/logic/rewards/uniqueLottery.js';
 import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
+import { GeneralActionPipeline } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actionModules/general.js';
 
 export interface ReturnArgs {}
 
@@ -41,6 +42,11 @@ export class ActionResolver<
     TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = GeneralTriggerState,
 > implements GeneralActionResolver<TriggerState, ReturnArgs> {
     readonly key = ACTION_KEY;
+    private readonly pipeline: GeneralActionPipeline<TriggerState>;
+
+    constructor(generalActionModules?: TurnCommandEnv['generalActionModules']) {
+        this.pipeline = new GeneralActionPipeline(generalActionModules ?? []);
+    }
 
     resolve(context: ReturnResolveContext<TriggerState>, _args: ReturnArgs): GeneralActionOutcome<TriggerState> {
         const general = context.general;
@@ -116,8 +122,8 @@ export class ActionResolver<
             // We can just use standard MONTH format for now.
         });
 
-        const exp = 70;
-        const ded = 100;
+        const exp = this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'experience', 70);
+        const ded = this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'dedication', 100);
 
         tryApplyUniqueLottery(context, { acquireType: '아이템', reason: ACTION_NAME });
 
@@ -159,8 +165,8 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
     public readonly name = ACTION_NAME;
     private readonly resolver: ActionResolver<TriggerState>;
 
-    constructor() {
-        this.resolver = new ActionResolver();
+    constructor(env: Pick<TurnCommandEnv, 'generalActionModules'> = {}) {
+        this.resolver = new ActionResolver(env.generalActionModules);
     }
 
     parseArgs(_raw: unknown): ReturnArgs | null {
@@ -192,5 +198,5 @@ export const commandSpec: GeneralTurnCommandSpec = {
     category: '군사',
     reqArg: false,
 
-    createDefinition: (_env: TurnCommandEnv) => new ActionDefinition(),
+    createDefinition: (env: TurnCommandEnv) => new ActionDefinition(env),
 };
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_기술연구.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_기술연구.ts
index 3d707ca5..748d6a1e 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_기술연구.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_기술연구.ts
@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ import {
 } from './che_상업투자.js';
 import { JosaUtil } from '@sammo-ts/common';
 import { clamp } from 'es-toolkit';
+import {
+    addLegacyStoredFloat,
+    readLegacyStoredFloat,
+    toLegacyStoredFloat,
+} from '@sammo-ts/logic/compat/legacyFloat.js';
 
 export interface TechResearchArgs {}
 
@@ -55,7 +60,17 @@ const readTech = (nation: Nation): number => {
 };
 
 // 레거시 nation.tech는 MariaDB FLOAT이며 다음 명령 재조회 시 6자리 유효숫자로 양자화된다.
-const toLegacyStoredTech = (value: number): number => Number(Math.fround(value).toPrecision(6));
+// Ref stores tech in a MariaDB FLOAT column. FLOAT applies binary32
+// quantization on write; its six-significant-digit text rendering happens
+// only when the value is read, not on every update.
+export const toLegacyStoredTech = toLegacyStoredFloat;
+
+// mysqli renders a MariaDB FLOAT with six significant decimal digits before
+// PHP performs the next command's arithmetic. Model that read boundary, then
+// model the binary32 write boundary separately.
+export const readLegacyStoredTech = readLegacyStoredFloat;
+
+export const addLegacyStoredTech = addLegacyStoredFloat;
 
 export class ActionDefinition<
     TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = GeneralTriggerState,
@@ -107,10 +122,21 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
             techScore /= 4;
         }
 
+        const generalCount = Math.max(context.nationGeneralCount, this.env.initialNationGenLimit);
+        if (
+            (process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_GENERAL_IDS?.split(',') ?? []).includes(String(context.general.id)) ||
+            (process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_NATION_IDS?.split(',') ?? []).includes(String(context.nation.id))
+        ) {
+            process.stdout.write(
+                `AI_ACTION_PATCH_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({ engine: 'core-tech', generalId: context.general.id, nationId: context.nation.id, currentTech, techScore, nationGeneralCount: context.nationGeneralCount, generalCount, delta: techScore / generalCount })}\n`
+            );
+        }
+
         context.nation.meta = {
             ...context.nation.meta,
-            tech: toLegacyStoredTech(
-                currentTech + techScore / Math.max(context.nationGeneralCount, this.env.initialNationGenLimit)
+            tech: addLegacyStoredTech(
+                currentTech,
+                techScore / generalCount
             ),
         };
         context.general.gold = Math.max(0, context.general.gold - result.costGold);
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_랜덤임관.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_랜덤임관.ts
index 1b277691..521cc407 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_랜덤임관.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_랜덤임관.ts
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ import { tryApplyUniqueLottery } from '@sammo-ts/logic/rewards/uniqueLottery.js'
 import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
 import type { ActionContextBuilder } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actions/turn/actionContext.js';
 import { resolveStartYear } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actions/turn/actionContextHelpers.js';
+import { GeneralActionPipeline } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actionModules/general.js';
+import type { TurnCommandEnv } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actions/turn/commandEnv.js';
 
 export interface RandomAppointmentArgs {}
 
@@ -36,6 +38,8 @@ export interface RandomAppointmentResolveContext<
 }
 
 const ACTION_NAME = '무작위 국가로 임관';
+const LEGACY_INITIAL_NATION_GEN_LIMIT = 10;
+const LEGACY_DEFAULT_MAX_GENERAL = 500;
 
 const TALK_LIST = [
     '어쩌다 보니',
@@ -138,6 +142,11 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
 > {
     public readonly key = 'che_랜덤임관';
     public readonly name = ACTION_NAME;
+    private readonly pipeline: GeneralActionPipeline<TriggerState>;
+
+    constructor(env: TurnCommandEnv) {
+        this.pipeline = new GeneralActionPipeline(env.generalActionModules ?? []);
+    }
     getInheritanceActiveActionAmount(): number {
         return 1;
     }
@@ -236,7 +245,7 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
                 nationId: destNation.id,
                 officerLevel: 1,
                 cityId: destCityId,
-                experience: general.experience + expGain,
+                experience: general.experience + this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'experience', expGain),
                 meta,
             }),
             createNationPatchEffect(
@@ -294,8 +303,16 @@ export const actionContextBuilder: ActionContextBuilder = (base, options) => {
 
     const constValues = asRecord(options.scenarioConfig.const);
     const worldMeta = asRecord(options.world.meta);
-    const initialNationGenLimit = resolveNumber(constValues, ['initialNationGenLimit'], 0);
-    const defaultMaxGeneral = resolveNumber(constValues, ['defaultMaxGeneral', 'maxGeneral'], 0);
+    const initialNationGenLimit = resolveNumber(
+        constValues,
+        ['initialNationGenLimit'],
+        LEGACY_INITIAL_NATION_GEN_LIMIT
+    );
+    const defaultMaxGeneral = resolveNumber(
+        constValues,
+        ['defaultMaxGeneral', 'maxGeneral'],
+        LEGACY_DEFAULT_MAX_GENERAL
+    );
     const genLimit = relYear < 3 && initialNationGenLimit > 0 ? initialNationGenLimit : defaultMaxGeneral;
 
     const generals = worldRef.listGenerals();
@@ -314,7 +331,11 @@ export const actionContextBuilder: ActionContextBuilder = (base, options) => {
         }
     }
 
-    const nations = worldRef.listNations();
+    // Ref's GROUP BY result is observed in ascending nation id order. The
+    // weighted draw is order-sensitive, while newly founded Core nations can
+    // remain in action/creation order, so make the legacy candidate order
+    // explicit before consuming the command RNG.
+    const nations = [...worldRef.listNations()].sort((left, right) => left.id - right.id);
     const candidateNations: Array<CandidateNation> = [];
 
     for (const nation of nations) {
@@ -373,5 +394,5 @@ export const commandSpec: GeneralTurnCommandSpec = {
     key: 'che_랜덤임관',
     category: '전략',
     reqArg: false,
-    createDefinition: () => new ActionDefinition(),
+    createDefinition: (env: TurnCommandEnv) => new ActionDefinition(env),
 };
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_물자조달.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_물자조달.ts
index 1f50990e..ee022f03 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_물자조달.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_물자조달.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ interface ProcureContext<
 const ACTION_NAME = '물자조달';
 const ACTION_KEY = 'che_물자조달';
 
+export const roundLegacyAccumulatedInteger = (current: number, delta: number): number => Math.round(current + delta);
+
 export class ActionResolver<
     TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = GeneralTriggerState,
 > implements GeneralActionResolver<TriggerState, ProcureArgs> {
@@ -96,13 +98,17 @@ export class ActionResolver<
         score = Math.round(score);
 
         // 6. Calculate Exp/Dedication
-        const exp = (score * 0.7) / 3;
-        const ded = (score * 1.0) / 3;
+        const exp = this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'experience', (score * 0.7) / 3);
+        const ded = this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'dedication', (score * 1.0) / 3);
 
         // 7. Update General
-        // 레거시는 부동소수점 증가분을 INT column에 저장할 때 반올림한다.
-        const nextExp = general.experience + Math.round(exp);
-        const nextDed = general.dedication + Math.round(ded);
+        // Ref adds the floating delta to the current value first and MariaDB
+        // rounds the accumulated value when it writes the INT column. Rounding
+        // the delta separately changes cancellation cases such as
+        // 4554 + (45 * 0.7 / 3): the delta is 10.499999999999998, while the
+        // accumulated binary value is exactly 4564.5 and persists as 4565.
+        const nextExp = roundLegacyAccumulatedInteger(general.experience, exp);
+        const nextDed = roundLegacyAccumulatedInteger(general.dedication, ded);
 
         let appliedScore = score;
         if (context.city && [1, 3].includes(context.city.frontState)) {
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_사기진작.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_사기진작.ts
index 819efe1d..cd7d26ba 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_사기진작.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_사기진작.ts
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import { tryApplyUniqueLottery } from '@sammo-ts/logic/rewards/uniqueLottery.js'
 import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
 import { clamp } from 'es-toolkit';
 import { GeneralActionPipeline } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actionModules/general.js';
+import { applyLegacyInjury, finalizeLegacyStat } from './legacyGeneralStat.js';
 
 export interface BoostMoraleArgs {}
 
@@ -85,8 +86,10 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
                 ? this.env.maxAtmosByCommand
                 : DEFAULT_MAX_ATMOS;
         const delta = this.env.atmosDelta && this.env.atmosDelta > 0 ? this.env.atmosDelta : DEFAULT_ATMOS_DELTA;
-        const leadership = this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'leadership', general.stats.leadership);
-        const score = Math.round((leadership * 100 * delta) / general.crew);
+        const leadership = finalizeLegacyStat(
+            this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'leadership', applyLegacyInjury(general.stats.leadership, general.injury))
+        );
+        const score = Math.round(((leadership * 100) / general.crew) * delta);
         const nextAtmos = clamp(general.atmos + score, 0, maxAtmos);
         const applied = nextAtmos - general.atmos;
         const costGold = this.env.costGold ?? Math.round(general.crew / 100);
@@ -95,15 +98,20 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
         general.atmos = nextAtmos;
         general.train = trainSideEffect;
         general.gold = Math.max(0, general.gold - costGold);
-        general.experience += 100;
-        general.dedication += 70;
+        general.experience += this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'experience', 100);
+        general.dedication += this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'dedication', 70);
         const leadershipExp = typeof general.meta.leadership_exp === 'number' ? general.meta.leadership_exp : 0;
         general.meta.leadership_exp = leadershipExp + 1;
         const crewType = this.env.unitSet?.crewTypes?.find((entry) => entry.id === general.crewTypeId);
         if (crewType) {
-            const dexKey = `dex${crewType.armType}`;
-            const dex = typeof general.meta[dexKey] === 'number' ? general.meta[dexKey] : 0;
-            general.meta[dexKey] = dex + applied;
+            const armType = crewType.armType === 0 ? 5 : crewType.armType;
+            if (armType >= 0) {
+                const dexKey = `dex${armType}`;
+                const dex = typeof general.meta[dexKey] === 'number' ? general.meta[dexKey] : 0;
+                const typeMultiplier = armType === 4 || armType === 5 ? 0.9 : 1;
+                general.meta[dexKey] =
+                    dex + this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'addDex', applied * typeMultiplier, { armType });
+            }
         }
 
         context.addLog(`사기치가 <C>${applied}</> 상승했습니다.`);
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_상업투자.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_상업투자.ts
index c9624641..e5d89486 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_상업투자.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_상업투자.ts
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ export interface InvestmentConfig {
     useCityTrust?: boolean;
     scaleSuccessByTrust?: boolean;
     roundCriticalScore?: boolean;
+    costMultiplier?: number;
 }
 
 export interface InvestmentEnvironment {
@@ -181,7 +182,7 @@ export class CommandResolver<TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = GeneralT
         gold: number;
         rice: number;
     } {
-        const baseGold = this.env.develCost;
+        const baseGold = this.env.develCost * (this.config.costMultiplier ?? 1);
         const gold = Math.round(this.pipeline.onCalcDomestic(context, this.config.actionKey, 'cost', baseGold));
         return { gold, rice: 0 };
     }
@@ -300,8 +301,8 @@ export class CommandResolver<TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = GeneralT
             appliedFrontDebuff = true;
         }
 
-        const exp = rewardScore * 0.7;
-        const dedication = rewardScore;
+        const exp = this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'experience', rewardScore * 0.7);
+        const dedication = this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'dedication', rewardScore);
 
         return {
             pick,
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_선동.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_선동.ts
index cfca97ad..93ba9694 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_선동.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_선동.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import type {
 import { createGeneralPatchEffect, createCityPatchEffect } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actions/engine.js';
 import { LogCategory, LogFormat } from '@sammo-ts/logic/logging/types.js';
 import { z } from 'zod';
+import { readLegacyCityTrust, storeLegacyCityTrust } from './legacyCityTrust.js';
 import type { TurnCommandEnv } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actions/turn/commandEnv.js';
 import type { ActionContextBase, ActionContextOptions } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actions/turn/actionContext.js';
 import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
@@ -46,10 +47,6 @@ const ARGS_SCHEMA = z.object({
 });
 export type AgitateArgs = z.infer<typeof ARGS_SCHEMA>;
 
-// 레거시 city.trust는 MariaDB FLOAT이며 다음 명령에서 6자리 유효숫자로
-// 재조회된다. 메모리 상태도 같은 persistence 경계로 정규화한다.
-const toLegacyStoredTrust = (value: number): number => Number(value.toPrecision(6));
-
 export class ActionResolver<
     TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = GeneralTriggerState,
 > implements GeneralActionResolver<TriggerState, AgitateArgs> {
@@ -98,8 +95,9 @@ export class ActionResolver<
         }
         general.meta.firenum = (typeof general.meta.firenum === 'number' ? general.meta.firenum : 0) + 1;
         const newSecu = Math.max(0, destCity.security - result.agriDamage);
-        const currentTrust = typeof destCity.meta.trust === 'number' ? destCity.meta.trust : 50;
-        const newTrust = toLegacyStoredTrust(Math.max(0, currentTrust - result.commDamage));
+        const currentTrust =
+            typeof destCity.meta.trust === 'number' ? readLegacyCityTrust(destCity.meta.trust) : 50;
+        const newTrust = storeLegacyCityTrust(Math.max(0, currentTrust - result.commDamage));
 
         // Log
         const commandName = ACTION_NAME;
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_소집해제.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_소집해제.ts
index 244f80dd..2e6f9044 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_소집해제.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_소집해제.ts
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
         const crewUp = this.pipeline.onCalcDomestic(context, '징집인구', 'score', general.crew);
         general.crew = 0;
         city.population += Math.trunc(crewUp);
-        general.experience += 70;
-        general.dedication += 100;
+        general.experience += this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'experience', 70);
+        general.dedication += this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'dedication', 100);
 
         context.addLog(`병사들을 <R>소집해제</>하였습니다.`);
 
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_요양.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_요양.ts
index 96276bd8..3ba0f9f4 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_요양.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_요양.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import type { GeneralActionOutcome, GeneralActionResolveContext } from '@sammo-t
 import type { TurnCommandEnv } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actions/turn/commandEnv.js';
 import { defaultActionContextBuilder } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actions/turn/actionContext.js';
 import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
+import { GeneralActionPipeline } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actionModules/general.js';
 
 export interface RecoveryArgs {}
 
@@ -21,9 +22,11 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
     public readonly key = 'che_요양';
     public readonly name = ACTION_NAME;
     private readonly env: RecoveryEnvironment;
+    private readonly pipeline: GeneralActionPipeline<TriggerState>;
 
-    constructor(env: RecoveryEnvironment = {}) {
+    constructor(env: RecoveryEnvironment & Partial<Pick<TurnCommandEnv, 'generalActionModules'>> = {}) {
         this.env = env;
+        this.pipeline = new GeneralActionPipeline(env.generalActionModules ?? []);
     }
 
     parseArgs(_raw: unknown): RecoveryArgs | null {
@@ -46,8 +49,8 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
         // 직접 수정 (Immer Draft)
         general.injury = nextInjury;
         general.gold = Math.max(0, general.gold - costGold);
-        general.experience += 10;
-        general.dedication += 7;
+        general.experience += this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'experience', 10);
+        general.dedication += this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'dedication', 7);
 
         context.addLog(`건강 회복을 위해 요양합니다.`);
 
@@ -63,5 +66,5 @@ export const commandSpec: GeneralTurnCommandSpec = {
     category: '개인',
     reqArg: false,
 
-    createDefinition: (_env: TurnCommandEnv) => new ActionDefinition(),
+    createDefinition: (env: TurnCommandEnv) => new ActionDefinition(env),
 };
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_이동.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_이동.ts
index d43b3531..3d99052f 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_이동.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_이동.ts
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
 import type { MapDefinition } from '@sammo-ts/logic/world/types.js';
 import { parseArgsWithSchema } from '../parseArgs.js';
 import { formatDestCityConstraintFailure } from '../constraintFailure.js';
+import { GeneralActionPipeline } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actionModules/general.js';
 
 export interface MoveResolveContext<
     TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = GeneralTriggerState,
@@ -44,6 +45,11 @@ export class ActionResolver<
     TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = GeneralTriggerState,
 > implements GeneralActionResolver<TriggerState, MoveArgs> {
     readonly key = ACTION_KEY;
+    private readonly pipeline: GeneralActionPipeline<TriggerState>;
+
+    constructor(env: TurnCommandEnv) {
+        this.pipeline = new GeneralActionPipeline(env.generalActionModules ?? []);
+    }
 
     resolve(context: MoveResolveContext<TriggerState>, args: MoveArgs): GeneralActionOutcome<TriggerState> {
         const general = context.general;
@@ -89,7 +95,7 @@ export class ActionResolver<
             if (isSelf) {
                 nextGold = Math.max(0, nextGold - cost);
                 nextAtmos = Math.max(20, nextAtmos - 5);
-                nextExp += 50;
+                nextExp += this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'experience', 50);
                 nextLeadershipExp += 1;
             }
 
@@ -123,8 +129,8 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
     public readonly name = ACTION_NAME;
     private readonly resolver: ActionResolver<TriggerState>;
 
-    constructor() {
-        this.resolver = new ActionResolver();
+    constructor(env: TurnCommandEnv) {
+        this.resolver = new ActionResolver(env);
     }
 
     parseArgs(raw: unknown): MoveArgs | null {
@@ -171,7 +177,10 @@ export const actionContextBuilder: ActionContextBuilder = (base, options) => {
     return {
         ...base,
         map: options.map,
-        develCost: options.scenarioConfig.const.develCost as number | undefined,
+        develCost:
+            typeof options.world.meta?.develcost === 'number'
+                ? options.world.meta.develcost
+                : (options.scenarioConfig.const.develCost as number | undefined),
         moveGenerals: options.worldRef?.listGenerals() ?? [],
     };
 };
@@ -182,5 +191,5 @@ export const commandSpec: GeneralTurnCommandSpec = {
     reqArg: true,
     availabilityArgs: { destCityId: 0 },
     argsSchema: ARGS_SCHEMA,
-    createDefinition: (_env: TurnCommandEnv) => new ActionDefinition(),
+    createDefinition: (env: TurnCommandEnv) => new ActionDefinition(env),
 };
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_인재탐색.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_인재탐색.ts
index 94d55f5d..6714e5a5 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_인재탐색.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_인재탐색.ts
@@ -51,11 +51,14 @@ export interface TalentScoutResolveContext<
 > extends GeneralActionResolveContext<TriggerState> {
     currentYear: number;
     currentMonth: number;
+    retirementYear: number;
     worldSummary: TalentScoutWorldSummary;
     generalPool?: TalentScoutCandidate[];
     cityPool?: City[];
+    existingGeneralNames: string[];
     createGeneralId: () => number;
     turnTermMinutes: number;
+    turnTimeBase: Date;
 }
 
 export interface TalentScoutEnvironment {
@@ -97,6 +100,17 @@ const DEFAULT_MAX_AGE = 25;
 const DEFAULT_DEATH_MIN = 10;
 const DEFAULT_DEATH_MAX = 50;
 
+export const normalizeLegacyGeneratedDex = (
+    values: readonly [number, number, number, number, number]
+): [number, number, number, number, number] =>
+    values.map((value) => Math.trunc(value)) as [number, number, number, number, number];
+
+export const resolveLegacySpecialityAge = (
+    retirementYear: number,
+    age: number,
+    divisor: number
+): number => Math.round((retirementYear - age) / divisor) + age;
+
 const addMetaValue = (
     meta: Record<string, TriggerValue>,
     key: string,
@@ -181,6 +195,32 @@ const legacyChoiceIndex = (rng: RandomGenerator, length: number): number => {
 const legacyChoice = <T>(rng: RandomGenerator, values: readonly T[]): T =>
     values[legacyChoiceIndex(rng, values.length)]!;
 
+const NPC_NAME_PREFIXES = ['', 'ⓝ', 'ⓝ', 'ⓜ', 'ⓖ', '㉥', 'ⓤ', 'ⓞ'] as const;
+const NPC_STATE_NAME_PREFIXES: Readonly<Record<number, string>> = {
+    0: '',
+    1: 'ⓝ',
+    2: 'ⓝ',
+    3: 'ⓜ',
+    4: 'ⓖ',
+    5: '㉥',
+    6: 'ⓤ',
+    9: 'ⓞ',
+};
+const STORED_NAME_PREFIXES = new Set(Object.values(NPC_STATE_NAME_PREFIXES).filter(Boolean));
+
+const restoreLegacyStoredName = (general: Pick<General, 'name' | 'npcState'>): string => {
+    if (STORED_NAME_PREFIXES.has(general.name[0] ?? '')) {
+        return general.name;
+    }
+    return `${NPC_STATE_NAME_PREFIXES[general.npcState] ?? ''}${general.name}`;
+};
+
+const countLegacyNameDuplicates = (names: readonly string[], candidate: string): number =>
+    NPC_NAME_PREFIXES.reduce(
+        (total, prefix) => total + names.filter((name) => name.startsWith(`${prefix}${candidate}`)).length,
+        0
+    );
+
 const resolveCandidate = (
     context: TalentScoutResolveContext,
     rng: RandomGenerator,
@@ -261,6 +301,14 @@ export class CommandResolver<TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = GeneralT
         );
         return this.pipeline.onCalcDomestic(context, ACTION_KEY, 'probability', base);
     }
+
+    adjustExperience(context: TalentScoutResolveContext<TriggerState>, value: number): number {
+        return this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'experience', value);
+    }
+
+    adjustDedication(context: TalentScoutResolveContext<TriggerState>, value: number): number {
+        return this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'dedication', value);
+    }
 }
 
 // 인재탐색 실행 결과를 계산한다.
@@ -297,8 +345,8 @@ export class ActionResolver<
         // 직접 수정 (Immer Draft)
         general.gold = nextGold;
         general.rice = nextRice;
-        general.experience += expGain;
-        general.dedication += dedGain;
+        general.experience += this.command.adjustExperience(context, expGain);
+        general.dedication += this.command.adjustDedication(context, dedGain);
 
         if (!found) {
             const statKey = pickStatExpKey(context.rng, general);
@@ -328,10 +376,23 @@ export class ActionResolver<
         const firstNames = this.env.randomGeneralFirstNames ?? ['가'];
         const middleNames = this.env.randomGeneralMiddleNames ?? [''];
         const lastNames = this.env.randomGeneralLastNames ?? ['가'];
-        const generatedName = `${legacyChoice(context.rng, firstNames)}${legacyChoice(
-            context.rng,
-            middleNames
-        )}${legacyChoice(context.rng, lastNames)}`;
+        let generatedName: string;
+        let duplicateLoopCount = 0;
+        while (true) {
+            generatedName = `${legacyChoice(context.rng, firstNames)}${legacyChoice(
+                context.rng,
+                middleNames
+            )}${legacyChoice(context.rng, lastNames)}`;
+            const duplicateCount = countLegacyNameDuplicates(context.existingGeneralNames, generatedName);
+            if (duplicateCount === 0) {
+                break;
+            }
+            if (duplicateLoopCount >= 99 || duplicateCount < 2) {
+                generatedName += duplicateCount + 1;
+                break;
+            }
+            duplicateLoopCount += 1;
+        }
         const newGeneralId = context.createGeneralId();
         const resolvedCandidate: TalentScoutCandidate = candidate ?? { name: generatedName };
         const affinity = randomRangeInt(context.rng, 1, 150);
@@ -369,6 +430,10 @@ export class ActionResolver<
         } else {
             dex = [dexTotal / 4, dexTotal / 4, dexTotal / 4, dexTotal / 4, averageDex[4]];
         }
+        // Ref passes the averages into GeneralBuilder::setDex(int ...), so PHP
+        // truncates every component before persistence. Core's common integer
+        // normalizer rounds instead, which changes exact half-point cases.
+        dex = normalizeLegacyGeneratedDex(dex);
         const personality =
             resolvedCandidate.personality ?? legacyChoice(context.rng, this.env.availablePersonalities ?? ['che_안전']);
         const name = this.env.decorateName
@@ -377,6 +442,9 @@ export class ActionResolver<
         const cityId = resolveSpawnCityId(context, context.rng, this.env);
         const turnSecond = randomRangeInt(context.rng, 0, context.turnTermMinutes * 60 - 1);
         const turnFraction = randomRangeInt(context.rng, 0, 999_999);
+        const turnTime = new Date(
+            context.turnTimeBase.getTime() + turnSecond * 1_000 + Math.floor(turnFraction / 1_000)
+        );
         const killturn =
             (deathYear - context.currentYear) * 12 + randomRangeInt(context.rng, 0, 11) + context.currentMonth - 1;
         const meta: GeneralMeta = {
@@ -386,6 +454,16 @@ export class ActionResolver<
             affinity,
             birthYear,
             deathYear,
+            specage: resolveLegacySpecialityAge(
+                context.retirementYear,
+                age,
+                12
+            ),
+            specage2: resolveLegacySpecialityAge(
+                context.retirementYear,
+                age,
+                6
+            ),
             dex1: dex[0],
             dex2: dex[1],
             dex3: dex[2],
@@ -397,27 +475,33 @@ export class ActionResolver<
         addMetaValue(meta, 'picture', resolvedCandidate.picture ?? null);
         addMetaValue(meta, 'text', resolvedCandidate.text ?? null);
 
-        const newGeneral = buildRecruitmentGeneral<TriggerState>({
-            id: newGeneralId,
-            name,
-            nationId: 0,
-            cityId,
-            stats,
-            officerLevel: 0,
-            age,
-            npcState: NPC_TYPE,
-            gold: this.env.defaultNpcGold,
-            rice: this.env.defaultNpcRice,
-            experience: age * 100,
-            dedication: age * 100,
-            crewTypeId: this.env.defaultCrewTypeId,
-            role: {
-                personality,
-                specialDomestic: null,
-                specialWar: null,
-            },
-            meta,
-        });
+        const newGeneral = {
+            ...buildRecruitmentGeneral<TriggerState>({
+                id: newGeneralId,
+                name,
+                nationId: 0,
+                cityId,
+                stats,
+                officerLevel: 0,
+                age,
+                npcState: NPC_TYPE,
+                gold: this.env.defaultNpcGold,
+                rice: this.env.defaultNpcRice,
+                experience: age * 100,
+                dedication: age * 100,
+                crewTypeId: this.env.defaultCrewTypeId,
+                role: {
+                    personality,
+                    specialDomestic: null,
+                    specialWar: null,
+                },
+                meta,
+            }),
+            turnTime,
+            bornYear: birthYear,
+            deadYear: deathYear,
+            affinity,
+        };
 
         const recruitVerb = '발견';
         const nameRa = JosaUtil.pick(name, '라');
@@ -495,6 +579,10 @@ export const actionContextBuilder: ActionContextBuilder = (base, options) => ({
     ...base,
     currentYear: options.world.currentYear,
     currentMonth: options.world.currentMonth,
+    retirementYear:
+        typeof options.scenarioConfig.const.retirementYear === 'number'
+            ? options.scenarioConfig.const.retirementYear
+            : 80,
     worldSummary: {
         ...buildWorldSummary(options.worldRef),
         averageDex: (() => {
@@ -511,9 +599,18 @@ export const actionContextBuilder: ActionContextBuilder = (base, options) => ({
             ) as [number, number, number, number, number];
         })(),
     },
-    cityPool: options.worldRef?.listCities() ?? [],
+    // Legacy CityHelper::getAllCities() is consumed in primary-key order.
+    cityPool: [...(options.worldRef?.listCities() ?? [])].sort((left, right) => left.id - right.id),
+    // Core keeps the initial scenario's display prefix separate from `name`,
+    // while Ref persists it in `general.name`. Reconstruct it before executing
+    // AbsGeneralPool::checkDuplicatedCnt semantics; the duplicated ⓝ prefix in
+    // GeneralBuilder::$prefixList intentionally counts NPC matches twice.
+    existingGeneralNames: options.worldRef?.listGenerals().map(restoreLegacyStoredName) ?? [],
     createGeneralId: options.createGeneralId,
     turnTermMinutes: Math.max(1, Math.round(options.world.tickSeconds / 60)),
+    // GeneralBuilder::build() derives a new NPC turn from gameStor.turntime,
+    // not from the scout's own reserved-turn timestamp.
+    turnTimeBase: options.world.lastTurnTime ?? base.general.turnTime,
 });
 
 export const commandSpec: GeneralTurnCommandSpec = {
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_정착장려.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_정착장려.ts
index bbf8f250..708fb957 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_정착장려.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_정착장려.ts
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ const CONFIG: InvestmentConfig = {
     frontDebuff: 1,
     useCityTrust: false,
     scaleSuccessByTrust: false,
+    costMultiplier: 2,
 };
 
 export class ActionDefinition<
@@ -49,11 +50,7 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
     private readonly command: CommandResolver<TriggerState>;
 
     constructor(env: TurnCommandEnv) {
-        this.command = new CommandResolver(
-            env.generalActionModules ?? [],
-            { ...env, develCost: env.develCost * 2 },
-            CONFIG
-        );
+        this.command = new CommandResolver(env.generalActionModules ?? [], env, CONFIG);
     }
 
     parseArgs(_raw: unknown): SettlementArgs | null {
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_주민선정.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_주민선정.ts
index 727954c9..7d80c02d 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_주민선정.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_주민선정.ts
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import {
 } from './che_상업투자.js';
 import { JosaUtil } from '@sammo-ts/common';
 import { clamp } from 'es-toolkit';
+import { readLegacyCityTrust, storeLegacyCityTrust } from './legacyCityTrust.js';
 
 export interface TrustActionArgs {}
 
@@ -40,26 +41,21 @@ const CONFIG: InvestmentConfig = {
     useCityTrust: false,
     scaleSuccessByTrust: false,
     roundCriticalScore: false,
+    costMultiplier: 2,
 };
 
 const readTrust = (city: City): number => {
     const trust = city.meta.trust;
-    return typeof trust === 'number' && Number.isFinite(trust) ? trust : DEFAULT_TRUST;
+    return typeof trust === 'number' && Number.isFinite(trust) ? readLegacyCityTrust(trust) : DEFAULT_TRUST;
 };
 
-// 레거시 city.trust는 MariaDB FLOAT이며 다음 명령에서 6자리 유효숫자로
-// 재조회된다. 같은 턴의 후속 명령도 그 저장 경계를 보도록 정규화한다.
-const toLegacyStoredTrust = (value: number): number => Number(Math.fround(value).toPrecision(6));
-
 const remainCityTrust = (): Constraint => ({
     name: 'remainCityTrust',
     requires: (ctx) => (ctx.cityId !== undefined ? [{ kind: 'city', id: ctx.cityId }] : []),
     test: (ctx, view) => {
         const city = ctx.cityId !== undefined ? (view.get({ kind: 'city', id: ctx.cityId }) as City | null) : null;
         if (!city) return { kind: 'deny', reason: '도시 정보가 없습니다.' };
-        return readTrust(city) >= 100
-            ? { kind: 'deny', reason: '주민 선정은 충분합니다.' }
-            : { kind: 'allow' };
+        return readTrust(city) >= 100 ? { kind: 'deny', reason: '주민 선정은 충분합니다.' } : { kind: 'allow' };
     },
 });
 
@@ -71,11 +67,7 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
     private readonly command: CommandResolver<TriggerState>;
 
     constructor(env: TurnCommandEnv) {
-        this.command = new CommandResolver(
-            env.generalActionModules ?? [],
-            { ...env, develCost: env.develCost * 2 },
-            CONFIG
-        );
+        this.command = new CommandResolver(env.generalActionModules ?? [], env, CONFIG);
     }
 
     parseArgs(_raw: unknown): TrustActionArgs | null {
@@ -113,7 +105,7 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
         const trustDelta = result.score / 10;
         context.city.meta = {
             ...context.city.meta,
-            trust: toLegacyStoredTrust(clamp(readTrust(context.city) + trustDelta, 0, 100)),
+            trust: storeLegacyCityTrust(clamp(readTrust(context.city) + trustDelta, 0, 100)),
         };
         context.general.rice = Math.max(0, context.general.rice - result.costGold);
         context.general.experience += result.exp;
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_징병.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_징병.ts
index 23b6c900..117183e8 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_징병.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_징병.ts
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ import {
     isCrewTypeAvailable,
 } from '@sammo-ts/logic/world/unitSet.js';
 import { parseArgsWithSchema } from '../parseArgs.js';
+import { readLegacyCityTrust, storeLegacyCityTrust } from './legacyCityTrust.js';
+import { applyLegacyInjury, finalizeLegacyStat } from './legacyGeneralStat.js';
 
 export interface RecruitEnvironment {
     costOffset?: number;
@@ -58,6 +60,13 @@ const DEFAULT_MIN_POP = 30000;
 const DEFAULT_TRUST = 50;
 const MIN_CREW = 100;
 
+// PHP round() compensates for the small binary drift around a half boundary.
+// Ref then converts the result to int through Util::round().
+export const roundLegacyRecruitCost = (value: number): number => {
+    const corrected = value + Math.sign(value) * Number.EPSILON * Math.max(1, Math.abs(value));
+    return corrected < 0 ? Math.ceil(corrected - 0.5) : Math.floor(corrected + 0.5);
+};
+
 export const ARGS_SCHEMA = z.preprocess(
     (raw) => {
         if (!raw || typeof raw !== 'object' || Array.isArray(raw)) {
@@ -114,10 +123,6 @@ const readCityTrust = (city: City, fallback: number): number => {
     return typeof trust === 'number' ? trust : fallback;
 };
 
-// 레거시 city.trust는 MariaDB FLOAT이며 다음 명령에서 6자리 유효숫자로
-// 재조회된다. 메모리 상태도 같은 persistence 경계로 정규화한다.
-const toLegacyStoredTrust = (value: number): number => Number(value.toPrecision(6));
-
 const addMetaNumber = (meta: GeneralMeta, key: string, delta: number): GeneralMeta => {
     const current = typeof meta[key] === 'number' ? (meta[key] as number) : 0;
     return { ...meta, [key]: current + delta };
@@ -223,8 +228,9 @@ export class CommandResolver<TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = GeneralT
     }
 
     resolveLeadership(context: RecruitCalcContext<TriggerState>): number {
-        const base = context.general.stats.leadership;
-        return Math.round(this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'leadership', base));
+        const general = context.general;
+        const base = applyLegacyInjury(general.stats.leadership, general.injury);
+        return finalizeLegacyStat(this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'leadership', base));
     }
 
     resolveCrewPlan(
@@ -268,7 +274,7 @@ export class CommandResolver<TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = GeneralT
             crewType ? { armType: crewType.armType } : undefined
         );
         return {
-            gold: Math.round(adjustedGold * costOffset),
+            gold: roundLegacyRecruitCost(adjustedGold * costOffset),
             rice: Math.round(adjustedRice),
             applied: plan.applied,
             requested: plan.requested,
@@ -302,6 +308,14 @@ export class CommandResolver<TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = GeneralT
         return Math.round(base);
     }
 
+    getStatGain(
+        context: RecruitCalcContext<TriggerState>,
+        statName: 'experience' | 'dedication',
+        amount: number
+    ): number {
+        return this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, statName, amount);
+    }
+
     getDexGain(
         context: RecruitCalcContext<TriggerState>,
         armType: number,
@@ -374,9 +388,9 @@ export class ActionResolver<
         const costOffset = this.env.costOffset ?? DEFAULT_COST_OFFSET;
         const recruitPop = this.command.getRecruitPopulation(context, appliedCrew);
         const nextPopulation = Math.max(city.population - recruitPop, 0);
-        const baseTrust = readCityTrust(city, this.env.defaultTrust ?? DEFAULT_TRUST);
+        const baseTrust = readLegacyCityTrust(readCityTrust(city, this.env.defaultTrust ?? DEFAULT_TRUST));
         const trustLoss = city.population > 0 ? (recruitPop / city.population / costOffset) * 100 : 0;
-        const nextTrust = toLegacyStoredTrust(Math.max(baseTrust - trustLoss, 0));
+        const nextTrust = storeLegacyCityTrust(Math.max(baseTrust - trustLoss, 0));
 
         const actionName = this.env.actionName ?? ACTION_NAME;
         const [nextCrewTypeId, nextCrew, nextTrain, nextAtmos] =
@@ -405,8 +419,13 @@ export class ActionResolver<
 
         const nextGold = Math.max(0, general.gold - plan.gold);
         const nextRice = Math.max(0, general.rice - plan.rice);
-        const expGain = Math.round(appliedCrew / 100);
-        const dedGain = Math.round(appliedCrew / 100);
+        // Ref rounds the raw crew-based reward first and then routes both
+        // General::addExperience()/addDedication() through onCalcStat(). This
+        // is observable for every successful recruit once seasonal rice pay
+        // lets NPCs afford the command (personality fame modifiers are +/-10%).
+        const baseStatGain = Math.round(appliedCrew / 100);
+        const expGain = this.command.getStatGain(context, 'experience', baseStatGain);
+        const dedGain = this.command.getStatGain(context, 'dedication', baseStatGain);
         const dexGain = this.command.getDexGain(context, crewType.armType, appliedCrew);
 
         // 직접 수정 (Immer Draft)
@@ -425,6 +444,12 @@ export class ActionResolver<
         general.experience += expGain;
         general.dedication += dedGain;
         general.meta = addMetaNumber(general.meta, 'leadership_exp', 1);
+        // Ref persists the selected arm category in General.aux. GeneralAI
+        // reuses it for the next recruitment instead of drawing a new category.
+        general.meta = {
+            ...general.meta,
+            armType: crewType.armType,
+        };
         if (dexGain) {
             general.meta = addMetaNumber(general.meta, dexGain.key, dexGain.amount);
         }
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_출병.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_출병.ts
index c6fbede4..a8dbc5ca 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_출병.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_출병.ts
@@ -33,10 +33,12 @@ import { resolveWarBattle } from '@sammo-ts/logic/war/engine.js';
 import type { WarActionModule } from '@sammo-ts/logic/war/actions.js';
 import type { NationTraitModule } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actionModules/traits/nation/index.js';
 import type { GeneralActionModule } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actionModules/general.js';
-import { increaseMetaNumber, simpleSerialize } from '@sammo-ts/logic/war/utils.js';
+import { GeneralActionPipeline } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actionModules/general.js';
+import { simpleSerialize } from '@sammo-ts/logic/war/utils.js';
 import type { MapDefinition, UnitSetDefinition } from '@sammo-ts/logic/world/types.js';
 import type { ActionContextBuilder } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actions/turn/actionContext.js';
 import { tryApplyUniqueLottery } from '@sammo-ts/logic/rewards/uniqueLottery.js';
+import { buildNationFrontStatePatches } from '../../../diplomacy/frontState.js';
 import { formatDestCityConstraintFailure } from '../constraintFailure.js';
 import {
     buildWarAftermathConfig,
@@ -55,7 +57,7 @@ export interface DispatchResolveContext<
     generals: General<TriggerState>[];
     unitSet: UnitSetDefinition;
     map?: MapDefinition;
-    diplomacy?: Array<{ fromNationId: number; toNationId: number; state: number }>;
+    diplomacy?: Array<{ fromNationId: number; toNationId: number; state: number; term: number }>;
     time: WarTimeContext;
     seedBase: string;
     warConfig: WarEngineConfig;
@@ -172,23 +174,19 @@ const pickCandidateCity = (
     if (minDist === undefined) {
         return null;
     }
-    const candidates: Array<[number, number]> = [];
     for (const dist of distances) {
         if (dist > minDist + 1) {
             break;
         }
-        for (const entry of distanceList.get(dist) ?? []) {
-            if (entry[1] !== attackerNationId) {
-                candidates.push(entry);
-            }
+        const candidates = (distanceList.get(dist) ?? []).filter(([, nationId]) => nationId !== attackerNationId);
+        if (candidates.length > 0) {
+            // Ref breaks at the first distance layer containing an enemy. It
+            // only considers minDist + 1 when the minDist layer has none.
+            // RandUtil::choice() still consumes nextInt(0) for one candidate.
+            const [cityId] = pickLegacyChoice(candidates);
+            return { cityId, isEnemy: true, minDist };
         }
     }
-    if (candidates.length > 0) {
-        // Legacy RandUtil::choice() consumes nextInt(0) even when there is a
-        // single candidate. Keep that observable RNG step for seed parity.
-        const [cityId] = pickLegacyChoice(candidates);
-        return { cityId, isEnemy: true, minDist };
-    }
     const fallback = distanceList.get(minDist) ?? [];
     const friendly = fallback.filter(([, nationId]) => nationId === attackerNationId);
     if (friendly.length === 0) {
@@ -257,6 +255,7 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
     private readonly warModules: ReadonlyArray<WarActionModule<TriggerState>>;
     private readonly nationTraitModules: Map<string, NationTraitModule>;
     private readonly generalModules: ReadonlyArray<GeneralActionModule<TriggerState>>;
+    private readonly generalPipeline: GeneralActionPipeline<TriggerState>;
 
     constructor(
         modules: ReadonlyArray<WarActionModule<TriggerState> | null | undefined> = [],
@@ -266,6 +265,7 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
         this.warModules = modules.filter(Boolean) as ReadonlyArray<WarActionModule<TriggerState>>;
         this.nationTraitModules = new Map(nationTraitModules.map((module) => [module.key, module]));
         this.generalModules = generalModules.filter(Boolean) as ReadonlyArray<GeneralActionModule<TriggerState>>;
+        this.generalPipeline = new GeneralActionPipeline(this.generalModules);
     }
 
     parseArgs(raw: unknown): DispatchArgs | null {
@@ -416,7 +416,16 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
 
         const armType = resolveCrewTypeArm(unitSet, context.general.crewTypeId);
         if (armType !== null) {
-            increaseMetaNumber(context.general.meta, `dex${armType}`, context.general.crew / 100);
+            const typeMultiplier = armType === 4 || armType === 5 ? 0.9 : 1;
+            const amount = this.generalPipeline.onCalcStat(
+                context,
+                'addDex',
+                (context.general.crew / 100) * typeMultiplier,
+                { armType }
+            );
+            const dexKey = `dex${armType}`;
+            const currentDex = context.general.meta[dexKey];
+            context.general.meta[dexKey] = (typeof currentDex === 'number' ? currentDex : 0) + amount;
         }
 
         const cities = context.cities.map(cloneCity);
@@ -441,6 +450,10 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
                 general.crew > 0 &&
                 (unitSet.crewTypes?.some((crewType) => crewType.id === general.crewTypeId) ?? false)
         );
+        const traceGeneralIds = new Set(process.env.CORE_AI_TRACE_GENERAL_IDS?.split(',') ?? []);
+        const shouldTraceWar =
+            traceGeneralIds.has(String(context.general.id)) ||
+            defenderGenerals.some((general) => traceGeneralIds.has(String(general.id)));
 
         const battle = resolveWarBattle({
             seed,
@@ -461,6 +474,15 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
             })),
             defenderCity,
             defenderNation,
+            ...(shouldTraceWar
+                ? {
+                      trace: (event) => {
+                          process.stdout.write(
+                              `AI_WAR_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({ generalId: context.general.id, event })}\n`
+                          );
+                      },
+                  }
+                : {}),
         });
 
         const aftermath = resolveWarAftermath({
@@ -486,6 +508,36 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
             },
         });
 
+        // Ref ConquerCity() recalculates the fronts of every nation around the
+        // captured city immediately. Later generals in the same monthly due
+        // list therefore observe those refreshed values when choosing whether
+        // to deploy. Preserve that ordering before snapshotting city effects.
+        let frontStatePatches: Array<{ id: number; frontState: number }> = [];
+        if (battle.conquered && context.map && context.diplomacy) {
+            const connections = new Map(
+                context.map.cities.map((city) => [city.id, city.connections ?? []] as const)
+            );
+            const nearbyCityIds = new Set([defenderCity.id, ...(connections.get(defenderCity.id) ?? [])]);
+            const nearbyNationIds = new Set<number>([aftermath.conquest?.conquerNationId ?? attackerNation.id]);
+            for (const city of cities) {
+                if (nearbyCityIds.has(city.id) && city.nationId > 0) {
+                    nearbyNationIds.add(city.nationId);
+                }
+            }
+            frontStatePatches = buildNationFrontStatePatches({
+                cities,
+                diplomacy: context.diplomacy,
+                connections,
+                nationIds: [...nearbyNationIds],
+            });
+            for (const patch of frontStatePatches) {
+                const city = cities.find((candidate) => candidate.id === patch.id);
+                if (city) {
+                    city.frontState = patch.frontState;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         const effects: Array<GeneralActionEffect<TriggerState>> = [];
 
         for (const entry of battle.logs) {
@@ -541,6 +593,9 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
         for (const [id, patch] of cityPatches) {
             effects.push(createCityPatchEffect(patch, id));
         }
+        for (const patch of frontStatePatches) {
+            effects.push(createCityPatchEffect({ frontState: patch.frontState }, patch.id));
+        }
         for (const [id, patch] of nationPatches) {
             effects.push(createNationPatchEffect(patch, id));
         }
@@ -555,7 +610,12 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
 
         tryApplyUniqueLottery(context, { acquireType: '아이템', reason: ACTION_NAME });
 
-        return { effects };
+        return {
+            effects,
+            ...(aftermath.conquest?.ruinedNpcJoinPlans.length
+                ? { reservedGeneralTurnPlans: aftermath.conquest.ruinedNpcJoinPlans }
+                : {}),
+        };
     }
 }
 
@@ -576,6 +636,8 @@ export const actionContextBuilder: ActionContextBuilder = (base, options) => {
     const diplomacy = options.worldRef.listDiplomacy();
     const warConfig = buildWarConfig(options.scenarioConfig, options.unitSet);
     const aftermathConfig = buildWarAftermathConfig(options.scenarioConfig, warConfig.castleCrewTypeId);
+    const joinModeRaw = options.world.meta?.join_mode ?? options.world.meta?.joinMode;
+    aftermathConfig.joinMode = joinModeRaw === 'onlyRandom' ? 'onlyRandom' : 'full';
     return {
         ...base,
         destCity,
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_헌납.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_헌납.ts
index cdf59a0c..d6bff186 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_헌납.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_헌납.ts
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import { tryApplyUniqueLottery } from '@sammo-ts/logic/rewards/uniqueLottery.js'
 import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
 import { parseArgsWithSchema } from '../parseArgs.js';
 import { normalizeResourceActionAmount } from '../resourceAmount.js';
+import { GeneralActionPipeline } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actionModules/general.js';
 
 const ACTION_NAME = '헌납';
 const ACTION_KEY = 'che_헌납';
@@ -36,6 +37,8 @@ export class ActionResolver<
 > implements GeneralActionResolver<TriggerState, DonateArgs> {
     readonly key = ACTION_KEY;
 
+    constructor(private readonly pipeline: GeneralActionPipeline<TriggerState> = new GeneralActionPipeline([])) {}
+
     resolve(context: GeneralActionResolveContext<TriggerState>, args: DonateArgs): GeneralActionOutcome<TriggerState> {
         const general = context.general;
         const nation = context.nation;
@@ -51,8 +54,8 @@ export class ActionResolver<
 
         const realAmount = Math.max(0, Math.min(amount, currentRes));
 
-        const exp = 70;
-        const ded = 100;
+        const exp = this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'experience', 70);
+        const ded = this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'dedication', 100);
 
         const amountText = realAmount.toLocaleString();
         context.addLog(`${resName} <C>${amountText}</>을 헌납했습니다.`, {
@@ -98,7 +101,9 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
     private readonly resolver: ActionResolver<TriggerState>;
 
     constructor(private readonly env: TurnCommandEnv) {
-        this.resolver = new ActionResolver();
+        this.resolver = new ActionResolver<TriggerState>(
+            new GeneralActionPipeline<TriggerState>(env.generalActionModules ?? [])
+        );
     }
 
     parseArgs(raw: unknown): DonateArgs | null {
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_훈련.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_훈련.ts
index 3fdabb6c..53398014 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_훈련.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/che_훈련.ts
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ import type { TurnCommandEnv } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actions/turn/commandEnv.js'
 import { defaultActionContextBuilder } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actions/turn/actionContext.js';
 import { tryApplyUniqueLottery } from '@sammo-ts/logic/rewards/uniqueLottery.js';
 import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
+import { GeneralActionPipeline } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actionModules/general.js';
+import { applyLegacyInjury, finalizeLegacyStat } from './legacyGeneralStat.js';
 
 export interface TrainingArgs {}
 
@@ -21,6 +23,7 @@ export interface TrainingEnvironment {
     maxTrainByCommand?: number;
     costGold?: number;
     unitSet?: TurnCommandEnv['unitSet'];
+    generalActionModules?: TurnCommandEnv['generalActionModules'];
 }
 
 const ACTION_NAME = '훈련';
@@ -32,9 +35,11 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
     public readonly key = 'che_훈련';
     public readonly name = ACTION_NAME;
     private readonly env: TrainingEnvironment;
+    private readonly pipeline: GeneralActionPipeline<TriggerState>;
 
     constructor(env: TrainingEnvironment = {}) {
         this.env = env;
+        this.pipeline = new GeneralActionPipeline(env.generalActionModules ?? []);
     }
 
     parseArgs(_raw: unknown): TrainingArgs | null {
@@ -70,10 +75,13 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
                 ? this.env.maxTrainByCommand
                 : DEFAULT_MAX_TRAIN;
         const trainDelta = this.env.trainDelta && this.env.trainDelta > 0 ? this.env.trainDelta : 0;
+        const leadership = finalizeLegacyStat(
+            this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'leadership', applyLegacyInjury(general.stats.leadership, general.injury))
+        );
         const score = Math.max(
             0,
             Math.min(
-                Math.round((general.stats.leadership * 100 * trainDelta) / Math.max(general.crew, 1)),
+                Math.round((leadership * 100 * trainDelta) / Math.max(general.crew, 1)),
                 maxTrain - general.train
             )
         );
@@ -81,15 +89,23 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
 
         general.train += score;
         general.gold = Math.max(0, general.gold - costGold);
-        general.experience += 100;
-        general.dedication += 70;
+        general.experience += this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'experience', 100);
+        general.dedication += this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'dedication', 70);
         const leadershipExp = typeof general.meta.leadership_exp === 'number' ? general.meta.leadership_exp : 0;
         general.meta.leadership_exp = leadershipExp + 1;
         const crewType = this.env.unitSet?.crewTypes?.find((entry) => entry.id === general.crewTypeId);
         if (crewType) {
-            const dexKey = `dex${crewType.armType}`;
+            const armType = crewType.armType === 0 ? 5 : crewType.armType;
+            if (armType < 0) {
+                context.addLog(`훈련치가 <C>${score.toLocaleString()}</> 상승했습니다.`);
+                tryApplyUniqueLottery(context, { acquireType: '아이템', reason: ACTION_NAME });
+                return { effects: [] };
+            }
+            const dexKey = `dex${armType}`;
             const dex = typeof general.meta[dexKey] === 'number' ? general.meta[dexKey] : 0;
-            general.meta[dexKey] = dex + score;
+            const typeMultiplier = armType === 4 || armType === 5 ? 0.9 : 1;
+            general.meta[dexKey] =
+                dex + this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'addDex', score * typeMultiplier, { armType });
         }
 
         context.addLog(`훈련치가 <C>${score.toLocaleString()}</> 상승했습니다.`);
@@ -112,5 +128,6 @@ export const commandSpec: GeneralTurnCommandSpec = {
             trainDelta: env.trainDelta,
             maxTrainByCommand: env.maxTrainByCommand,
             unitSet: env.unitSet,
+            generalActionModules: env.generalActionModules,
         }),
 };
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/cr_맹훈련.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/cr_맹훈련.ts
index ee020343..62ad1686 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/cr_맹훈련.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/cr_맹훈련.ts
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import { defaultActionContextBuilder } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actions/turn/action
 import { tryApplyUniqueLottery } from '@sammo-ts/logic/rewards/uniqueLottery.js';
 import type { GeneralTurnCommandSpec } from './index.js';
 import { GeneralActionPipeline } from '@sammo-ts/logic/actionModules/general.js';
+import { applyLegacyInjury, finalizeLegacyStat } from './legacyGeneralStat.js';
 
 const ACTION_NAME = '맹훈련';
 const ACTION_KEY = 'cr_맹훈련';
@@ -71,7 +72,9 @@ export class ActionDefinition<
         const maxTrain = this.env.maxTrainByCommand > 0 ? this.env.maxTrainByCommand : 100;
         const maxAtmos = this.env.maxAtmosByCommand > 0 ? this.env.maxAtmosByCommand : 100;
 
-        const leadership = this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'leadership', general.stats.leadership);
+        const leadership = finalizeLegacyStat(
+            this.pipeline.onCalcStat(context, 'leadership', applyLegacyInjury(general.stats.leadership, general.injury))
+        );
         const score = Math.round((leadership * 100 * trainDelta * 2) / (Math.max(general.crew, 1) * 3));
         const scoreText = score.toLocaleString('en-US');
 
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/legacyCityTrust.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/legacyCityTrust.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fb52198f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/legacyCityTrust.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+/**
+ * MariaDB stores city.trust as FLOAT (binary32), while the PHP driver exposes
+ * the value rounded to six significant decimal digits on the next read.
+ * Keep those boundaries separate so later SQL expressions use binary32 state.
+ */
+export const storeLegacyCityTrust = (value: number): number => Math.fround(value);
+
+export const readLegacyCityTrust = (value: number): number => Number(Math.fround(value).toPrecision(6));
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/legacyGeneralStat.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/legacyGeneralStat.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..68533c17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/general/legacyGeneralStat.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+export const applyLegacyInjury = (value: number, injury: number): number => value * ((100 - injury) / 100);
+
+export const finalizeLegacyStat = (value: number): number => Math.trunc(value);
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/compat/legacyFloat.ts b/packages/logic/src/compat/legacyFloat.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4440b288
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/logic/src/compat/legacyFloat.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// MariaDB FLOAT stores binary32, but its text protocol exposes only six
+// significant decimal digits. Ref reads that text into PHP before every
+// command/battle update, so both boundaries are part of the game state.
+export const toLegacyStoredFloat = (value: number): number => Math.fround(value);
+
+export const readLegacyStoredFloat = (value: number): number =>
+    Number(Math.fround(value).toPrecision(6));
+
+export const addLegacyStoredFloat = (current: number, delta: number): number =>
+    toLegacyStoredFloat(readLegacyStoredFloat(current) + delta);
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/triggers/generalTriggers/che_도시치료.ts b/packages/logic/src/triggers/generalTriggers/che_도시치료.ts
index 553cb9c8..ac7bdfe7 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/triggers/generalTriggers/che_도시치료.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/triggers/generalTriggers/che_도시치료.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,12 @@ const resolveCityGenerals = <TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState>(
     const list = worldView.listGeneralsByCity
         ? worldView.listGeneralsByCity(general.cityId)
         : worldView.listGenerals().filter((candidate) => candidate.cityId === general.cityId);
-    return list.filter((candidate) => candidate.id !== general.id);
+    // Ref reads patients from the primary-key-backed `general` table. Make
+    // that observed order explicit so the 50% draws stay attached to the
+    // same general even when Core's in-memory insertion order differs.
+    return list
+        .filter((candidate) => candidate.id !== general.id)
+        .sort((left, right) => left.id - right.id);
 };
 
 // 의술 특기의 도시 치료 트리거.
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/war/aftermath.ts b/packages/logic/src/war/aftermath.ts
index 37d80bd7..08ac38de 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/war/aftermath.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/war/aftermath.ts
@@ -50,8 +50,11 @@ const findReport = (reports: WarUnitReport[], predicate: (report: WarUnitReport)
 
 const getDeadCounter = (city: City): number => getMetaNumber(city.meta, META_DEAD, 0);
 
-const setDeadCounter = (city: City, value: number): void => {
-    city.meta[META_DEAD] = round(value);
+const increaseDeadCounter = (city: City, delta: number): void => {
+    // Ref binds each `dead + %i` increment as an integer before MariaDB adds
+    // it. Truncate each 40/60 percent split independently; rounding the
+    // accumulated counter changes monthly recovery and war income.
+    city.meta[META_DEAD] = getDeadCounter(city) + Math.trunc(delta);
 };
 
 const isSupplyCity = (city: City): boolean => {
@@ -122,11 +125,16 @@ const applyNationTechGain = <TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState>(
     }
 
     const divisor = Math.max(config.initialNationGenLimit, total);
-    const tech = getMetaNumber(nation.meta, 'tech', 0) + gain / divisor;
-    // Legacy MySQL FLOAT values are read back at the command boundary with
-    // two-decimal precision. Preserve fractional accumulation without
-    // converting the gain to an integer.
-    nation.meta.tech = Math.round(tech * 100) / 100;
+    const currentTech = getMetaNumber(nation.meta, 'tech', 0);
+    const delta = gain / divisor;
+    // Ref executes `tech + delta` inside MariaDB for battle gains, so the
+    // arithmetic starts from the stored binary32 value without a PHP text read.
+    nation.meta.tech = Math.fround(currentTech + delta);
+    if ((process.env.CORE_WAR_TECH_TRACE_NATION_IDS?.split(',') ?? []).includes(String(nation.id))) {
+        process.stdout.write(
+            `WAR_TECH_TRACE ${JSON.stringify({ engine: 'core', nationId: nation.id, side: context.side, currentTech, baseGain, gain, total, effective, divisor, delta, storedTech: nation.meta.tech, attackerGeneralId: context.attackerReport.id })}\n`
+        );
+    }
 };
 
 const resolveConquerNation = (city: City, attackerNationId: number, nations: Nation[]): number => {
@@ -247,10 +255,22 @@ const resolveConquerCity = <TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState>(
 
     let collapseRewardGold = 0;
     let collapseRewardRice = 0;
+    const ruinedNpcJoinPlans: ConquerCityOutcome<TriggerState>['ruinedNpcJoinPlans'] = [];
 
     // 국가 붕괴 시 자원 손실과 포상 정산.
     if (nationCollapsed && defenderNation) {
-        const defenderGenerals = generals.filter((general) => general.nationId === defenderNationId);
+        const defenderGenerals = generals
+            .filter((general) => general.nationId === defenderNationId)
+            .sort((lhs, rhs) => {
+                // deleteNation() reads the non-lord rows in primary-key order,
+                // then appends the lord object to the returned PHP array.
+                const lhsIsLord = lhs.id === defenderNation.chiefGeneralId;
+                const rhsIsLord = rhs.id === defenderNation.chiefGeneralId;
+                if (lhsIsLord !== rhsIsLord) {
+                    return lhsIsLord ? 1 : -1;
+                }
+                return lhs.id - rhs.id;
+            });
         let totalGoldLoss = 0;
         let totalRiceLoss = 0;
 
@@ -290,6 +310,21 @@ const resolveConquerCity = <TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState>(
             );
             pushLoggers([generalLogger], logs);
             affectedGenerals.add(general);
+
+            if (config.joinMode !== 'onlyRandom') {
+                // Ref attempts to build/send a scout message after every loss.
+                // Message availability does not affect this draw.
+                rng.nextBool(0.5);
+
+                const eligibleNpc = general.npcState >= 2 && general.npcState <= 8 && general.npcState !== 5;
+                if (eligibleNpc && rng.nextBool(config.joinRuinedNpcProbability ?? 0.1)) {
+                    ruinedNpcJoinPlans.push({
+                        generalId: general.id,
+                        destNationId: attackerNation.id,
+                        joinTurn: rng.nextRangeInt(0, 12),
+                    });
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         collapseRewardGold = Math.floor((Math.max(0, defenderNation.gold - config.baseGold) + totalGoldLoss) / 2);
@@ -426,6 +461,7 @@ const resolveConquerCity = <TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState>(
         nations: Array.from(affectedNations),
         cities: Array.from(affectedCities),
         generals: Array.from(affectedGenerals),
+        ruinedNpcJoinPlans,
     };
 };
 
@@ -447,10 +483,8 @@ export const resolveWarAftermath = <TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = G
 
     // 전투 사망자 누적: 공격/수비 도시로 분배.
     if (totalDead > 0) {
-        const attackerCityDead = getDeadCounter(input.attackerCity) + totalDead * 0.4;
-        const defenderCityDead = getDeadCounter(input.defenderCity) + totalDead * 0.6;
-        setDeadCounter(input.attackerCity, attackerCityDead);
-        setDeadCounter(input.defenderCity, defenderCityDead);
+        increaseDeadCounter(input.attackerCity, totalDead * 0.4);
+        increaseDeadCounter(input.defenderCity, totalDead * 0.6);
         affectedCities.add(input.attackerCity);
         affectedCities.add(input.defenderCity);
     }
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/war/engine.ts b/packages/logic/src/war/engine.ts
index 64297e9c..22c2723c 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/war/engine.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/war/engine.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { JosaUtil, LiteHashDRBG, RandUtil } from '@sammo-ts/common';
 
-import type { City, General, GeneralTriggerState } from '@sammo-ts/logic/domain/entities.js';
+import type { City, GeneralTriggerState } from '@sammo-ts/logic/domain/entities.js';
 import { compileCrewTypeCatalog, isCrewTypeWarActionRouter } from '@sammo-ts/logic/crewType/catalog.js';
 import { ActionLogger } from '@sammo-ts/logic/logging/actionLogger.js';
 import { LogFormat } from '@sammo-ts/logic/logging/types.js';
@@ -19,10 +19,7 @@ import type {
 import { getMetaNumber } from './utils.js';
 import { WarUnitCity, WarUnitGeneral, type WarUnit } from './units.js';
 
-const META_FULL_LEADERSHIP = 'fullLeadership';
-const META_FULL_STRENGTH = 'fullStrength';
-const META_FULL_INTELLIGENCE = 'fullIntelligence';
-const META_DEFENCE_TRAIN = 'defenceTrain';
+const META_DEFENCE_TRAIN = 'defence_train';
 
 const defaultLoggerFactory = (options: { generalId?: number; nationId?: number }): ActionLogger =>
     new ActionLogger(options);
@@ -101,18 +98,6 @@ const buildBattlePhaseTriggers = (unit: WarUnit, registry: WarTriggerRegistry):
     return caller;
 };
 
-const resolveFullStats = (
-    general: General
-): {
-    leadership: number;
-    strength: number;
-    intelligence: number;
-} => ({
-    leadership: getMetaNumber(general.meta, META_FULL_LEADERSHIP, general.stats.leadership),
-    strength: getMetaNumber(general.meta, META_FULL_STRENGTH, general.stats.strength),
-    intelligence: getMetaNumber(general.meta, META_FULL_INTELLIGENCE, general.stats.intelligence),
-});
-
 const isSupplyCity = (city: City): boolean => {
     const supply = city.meta.supply;
     if (typeof supply === 'boolean') {
@@ -153,9 +138,17 @@ export const computeBattleOrder = <TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState>(
         return 0;
     }
 
-    const realStat = general.stats.leadership + general.stats.strength + general.stats.intelligence;
-    const fullStats = resolveFullStats(general);
-    const fullStat = fullStats.leadership + fullStats.strength + fullStats.intelligence;
+    // Ref calls General::getLeadership/Strength/Intel() for every defender at
+    // battle time. That applies injury, stat cross-adjustment, officer/items/
+    // traits and integer conversion through the defender's action pipeline.
+    const realStat =
+        defender.getComputedStat('leadership', general.stats.leadership) +
+        defender.getComputedStat('strength', general.stats.strength) +
+        defender.getComputedStat('intelligence', general.stats.intelligence);
+    const fullStat =
+        defender.getComputedStat('leadership', general.stats.leadership, { withInjury: false }) +
+        defender.getComputedStat('strength', general.stats.strength, { withInjury: false }) +
+        defender.getComputedStat('intelligence', general.stats.intelligence, { withInjury: false });
     const totalStat = (realStat + fullStat) / 2;
 
     const totalCrew = (general.crew / 1_000_000) * Math.pow(general.train * general.atmos, 1.5);
@@ -330,6 +323,12 @@ export const resolveWarBattle = <TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = Gene
         defenderUnits.push(cityUnit);
     }
 
+    const summarizeDefenderOrder = (unit: WarUnit<TriggerState>) => ({
+        id: unit instanceof WarUnitGeneral ? unit.getGeneral().id : 0,
+        order: computeBattleOrder<TriggerState>(unit, attackerUnit),
+    });
+    const defenderOrderBeforeSort = defenderUnits.map(summarizeDefenderOrder);
+
     defenderUnits.sort(
         (lhs, rhs) =>
             computeBattleOrder<TriggerState>(rhs, attackerUnit) - computeBattleOrder<TriggerState>(lhs, attackerUnit)
@@ -373,6 +372,10 @@ export const resolveWarBattle = <TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = Gene
             details,
         });
     };
+    emitTrace('defender_order', defender, {
+        before: defenderOrderBeforeSort,
+        after: defenderUnits.map(summarizeDefenderOrder),
+    });
     emitTrace('battle_start', defender, { seed: input.seed ?? '' });
 
     const attackerNationName = (attackerUnit.getNationVar('name') as string | null) ?? 'UNKNOWN';
@@ -399,7 +402,10 @@ export const resolveWarBattle = <TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = Gene
             defender = cityUnit;
             cityUnit.setSiege();
 
-            const defenderRice = input.defenderNation?.rice ?? 0;
+            // Ref builds a virtual neutral nation with 10,000 rice. Treating a
+            // neutral city's missing Nation row as zero skips the entire siege
+            // through the supply-retreat branch and changes every later war.
+            const defenderRice = input.defenderNation?.rice ?? 10_000;
             if (isSupplyCity(input.defenderCity) && defenderRice <= 0) {
                 attackerUnit.setOppose(defender);
                 defender.setOppose(attackerUnit);
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/war/types.ts b/packages/logic/src/war/types.ts
index f826a935..1baeaae2 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/war/types.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/war/types.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ export interface WarEngineConfig {
     maxTrainByWar: number;
     maxAtmosByWar: number;
     maxGeneralStat?: number;
+    statUpgradeLimit?: number;
     castleCrewTypeId: number;
     armTypes: WarArmTypes;
 }
@@ -138,6 +139,16 @@ export interface WarAftermathConfig {
     baseGold: number;
     baseRice: number;
     castleCrewTypeId: number;
+    /** Legacy admin join mode. Ruined-nation scout/join draws are skipped in onlyRandom mode. */
+    joinMode?: 'full' | 'onlyRandom';
+    /** Probability that an eligible ruined NPC reserves a future appointment. */
+    joinRuinedNpcProbability?: number;
+}
+
+export interface RuinedNpcJoinPlan {
+    generalId: number;
+    destNationId: number;
+    joinTurn: number;
 }
 
 export interface WarAftermathTechContext {
@@ -162,6 +173,7 @@ export interface ConquerCityOutcome<TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = G
     nations: Nation[];
     cities: City[];
     generals: General<TriggerState>[];
+    ruinedNpcJoinPlans: RuinedNpcJoinPlan[];
 }
 
 export interface WarAftermathInput<TriggerState extends GeneralTriggerState = GeneralTriggerState> {
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/war/units/general.ts b/packages/logic/src/war/units/general.ts
index 43098cce..232b6604 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/war/units/general.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/war/units/general.ts
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ export class WarUnitGeneral<
         }
 
         const atmosMultiplier = this.isAttacker() ? 1.1 : 1.05;
-        this.general.atmos = clamp(Math.round(this.general.atmos * atmosMultiplier), 0, this.config.maxAtmosByWar);
+        this.general.atmos = clamp(this.general.atmos * atmosMultiplier, 0, this.config.maxAtmosByWar);
 
         this.addStatExp(1);
     }
@@ -384,7 +384,10 @@ export class WarUnitGeneral<
             nextExp *= 0.9;
         }
         const adjustedExp = this.actionPipeline.onCalcStat(this.getActionContext(), 'addDex', nextExp, { armType });
-        this.general.meta[key] = base + adjustedExp;
+        // PHP interpolates floats into MeekroDB SQL with precision=14 before
+        // MariaDB rounds the integer dex column. Normalize this accumulated
+        // battle value at the same boundary (for example ...499999999996 -> .5).
+        this.general.meta[key] = Number((base + adjustedExp).toPrecision(14));
     }
 
     public calcRiceConsumption(damage: number): number {
@@ -529,5 +532,31 @@ export class WarUnitGeneral<
         this.general.rice = round(this.general.rice);
         this.general.experience = round(this.general.experience);
         this.general.dedication = round(this.general.dedication);
+
+        // Ref WarUnitGeneral::finishBattle() runs General::checkStatChange()
+        // before persisting the participant. A battle can therefore consume
+        // one accumulated stat-exp threshold even though che_출병 itself does
+        // not have the generic command progression tail.
+        const limit = this.config.statUpgradeLimit ?? 30;
+        const maxStat = this.config.maxGeneralStat ?? 255;
+        const entries = [
+            ['leadership', META_LEADERSHIP_EXP, '통솔'],
+            ['strength', META_STRENGTH_EXP, '무력'],
+            ['intelligence', META_INTEL_EXP, '지력'],
+        ] as const;
+        for (const [statKey, expKey, label] of entries) {
+            const statExp = getMetaNumber(this.general.meta, expKey);
+            if (statExp < 0) {
+                this.general.meta[expKey] = statExp + limit;
+                this.general.stats[statKey] -= 1;
+                this.logger.pushGeneralActionLog(`<R>${label}</>이 <C>1</> 떨어졌습니다!`, LogFormat.PLAIN);
+            } else if (statExp >= limit) {
+                if (this.general.stats[statKey] < maxStat) {
+                    this.general.stats[statKey] += 1;
+                    this.logger.pushGeneralActionLog(`<S>${label}</>이 <C>1</> 올랐습니다!`, LogFormat.PLAIN);
+                }
+                this.general.meta[expKey] = statExp - limit;
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/war/utils.ts b/packages/logic/src/war/utils.ts
index 23f8fbe5..32bd8766 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/war/utils.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/war/utils.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,19 @@ export const clampMin = (value: number, min: number): number => (value < min ? m
 
 export const clampMax = (value: number, max: number): number => (value > max ? max : value);
 
-export const round = (value: number): number => Math.round(value);
+// PHP's round() compensates for small binary floating-point drift around a
+// half boundary and rounds halves away from zero. War state is persisted to
+// integer columns through legacy Util::round(), so Math.round() is not enough:
+// e.g. accumulated siege damage can produce 4159.499999999999, which PHP
+// rounds to 4160 while Math.round() returns 4159.
+export const round = (value: number): number => {
+    if (!Number.isFinite(value)) {
+        return Math.round(value);
+    }
+
+    const corrected = value + Math.sign(value) * Number.EPSILON * Math.max(1, Math.abs(value));
+    return corrected < 0 ? Math.ceil(corrected - 0.5) : Math.floor(corrected + 0.5);
+};
 
 export const getMetaNumber = (meta: Record<string, TriggerValue>, key: string, fallback = 0): number => {
     const value = meta[key];
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/world/bootstrap.ts b/packages/logic/src/world/bootstrap.ts
index c4d1a370..a0820ad3 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/world/bootstrap.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/world/bootstrap.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,11 @@ import type {
     TriggerValue,
 } from '@sammo-ts/logic/domain/entities.js';
 import type { ScenarioDefinition, ScenarioGeneral } from '@sammo-ts/logic/scenario/types.js';
+import {
+    isDomesticTraitKey,
+    isEventDomesticTraitKey,
+    isWarTraitKey,
+} from '@sammo-ts/logic/actionModules/traits/index.js';
 import type {
     CitySeed,
     GeneralSeed,
@@ -37,6 +42,9 @@ export interface ScenarioBootstrapOptions {
      * remains deterministic in tests and reset operations.
      */
     hiddenSeed?: string | number;
+    initialYear?: number;
+    initialMonth?: number;
+    turnTermMinutes?: number;
 }
 
 export type ScenarioBootstrapWarningCode =
@@ -72,11 +80,70 @@ const DEFAULT_GENERAL_GOLD = 1000;
 const DEFAULT_GENERAL_RICE = 1000;
 const DEFAULT_CREWTYPE_ID = 1100;
 const DEFAULT_GENERAL_KILLTURN = 24;
+const DEFAULT_AVAILABLE_PERSONALITIES = [
+    'che_안전',
+    'che_유지',
+    'che_재간',
+    'che_출세',
+    'che_할거',
+    'che_정복',
+    'che_패권',
+    'che_의협',
+    'che_대의',
+    'che_왕좌',
+];
 const DEFAULT_CITY_TRUST = 50;
 const DEFAULT_CITY_TRADE = 100;
 const DEFAULT_CITY_SUPPLY_STATE = 1;
 const DEFAULT_CITY_FRONT_STATE = 0;
 
+const canonicalizeDomesticTrait = (raw: string | null | undefined): string | null => {
+    if (!raw || raw === 'None') {
+        return null;
+    }
+    if (isDomesticTraitKey(raw) || isEventDomesticTraitKey(raw)) {
+        return raw;
+    }
+    const domesticKey = `che_${raw}`;
+    if (isDomesticTraitKey(domesticKey)) {
+        return domesticKey;
+    }
+    const eventKey = `che_event_${raw}`;
+    if (isEventDomesticTraitKey(eventKey)) {
+        return eventKey;
+    }
+    return null;
+};
+
+const canonicalizeWarTrait = (raw: string | null | undefined): string | null => {
+    if (!raw || raw === 'None') {
+        return null;
+    }
+    if (isWarTraitKey(raw)) {
+        return raw;
+    }
+    const warKey = `che_${raw}`;
+    return isWarTraitKey(warKey) ? warKey : null;
+};
+
+// Scenario rows expose one legacy speciality column. GeneralBuilder tries the
+// domestic catalogue first, then the war catalogue, and persists the resolved
+// class code. Preserve unknown values in the domestic slot so custom scenario
+// packs retain their prior data even when their module is not installed here.
+const resolveScenarioTraits = (
+    special: string | null,
+    explicitWar: string | null | undefined
+): { specialDomestic: string | null; specialWar: string | null } => {
+    const domestic = canonicalizeDomesticTrait(special);
+    const inferredWar = domestic === null ? canonicalizeWarTrait(special) : null;
+    const retainedDomestic = special && special !== 'None' ? special : null;
+    const retainedWar = explicitWar && explicitWar !== 'None' ? explicitWar : null;
+    return {
+        specialDomestic: domestic ?? (inferredWar === null ? retainedDomestic : null),
+        specialWar: canonicalizeWarTrait(explicitWar) ?? inferredWar ?? retainedWar,
+    };
+};
+
 const createScenarioMeta = (scenario: ScenarioDefinition): ScenarioMeta => ({
     title: scenario.title,
     startYear: scenario.startYear,
@@ -93,6 +160,82 @@ const createEmptyTriggerState = (): GeneralTriggerState => ({
     meta: {},
 });
 
+// GameConstBase::$defaultInitialEvents / $defaultEvents. Ref prepends these
+// rows to every scenario unless ignoreDefaultEvents is enabled; scenario JSON
+// only contains its additional rows.
+const LEGACY_DEFAULT_INITIAL_EVENTS: unknown[] = [
+    [true, ['NoticeToHistoryLog', '<S>2년간 거병 및 건국이 가능합니다.</>', 6]],
+];
+
+const LEGACY_DEFAULT_EVENTS: unknown[] = [
+    ['pre_month', 9_000, true, ['UpdateCitySupply'], ['ProcessWarIncome']],
+    [
+        'month',
+        9_000,
+        ['Date', '==', null, 1],
+        ['MergeInheritPointRank'],
+        ['ProcessSemiAnnual', 'gold'],
+        ['ProcessIncome', 'gold'],
+        ['ResetOfficerLock'],
+        ['RaiseDisaster'],
+        ['RandomizeCityTradeRate'],
+        ['NewYear'],
+        ['AssignGeneralSpeciality'],
+    ],
+    ['month', 9_000, ['Date', '==', null, 4], ['ResetOfficerLock'], ['RaiseDisaster']],
+    [
+        'month',
+        9_000,
+        ['Date', '==', null, 7],
+        ['MergeInheritPointRank'],
+        ['ProcessSemiAnnual', 'rice'],
+        ['ProcessIncome', 'rice'],
+        ['ResetOfficerLock'],
+        ['RaiseDisaster'],
+        ['RandomizeCityTradeRate'],
+    ],
+    ['month', 9_000, ['Date', '==', null, 10], ['ResetOfficerLock'], ['RaiseDisaster']],
+    [
+        'month',
+        2_000,
+        ['DateRelative', '==', 1, 1],
+        ['NoticeToHistoryLog', '<S>2년 뒤 출병 제한이 풀립니다.</>', 6],
+        ['DeleteEvent'],
+    ],
+    [
+        'month',
+        2_000,
+        ['DateRelative', '==', 2, 1],
+        ['NoticeToHistoryLog', '<S>1년 뒤 출병 제한이 풀립니다.</>', 6],
+        ['DeleteEvent'],
+    ],
+    [
+        'month',
+        2_000,
+        ['DateRelative', '==', 2, 7],
+        ['NoticeToHistoryLog', '<S>6개월 뒤 출병 제한이 풀립니다. 병력을 준비해주세요.</>', 6],
+        ['DeleteEvent'],
+    ],
+    [
+        'month',
+        2_000,
+        ['DateRelative', '==', 3, 1],
+        ['NoticeToHistoryLog', '<S>출병 제한이 풀렸습니다.</>', 6],
+        ['DeleteEvent'],
+    ],
+    [
+        'month',
+        2_000,
+        ['DateRelative', '==', 4, 1],
+        ['NoticeToHistoryLog', '<S>이제부터 하야, 망명시 패널티가 적용됩니다.</>', 6],
+        ['AddGlobalBetray', 1, 0],
+        ['AddGlobalBetray', 1, 1],
+        ['DeleteEvent'],
+    ],
+    ['month', 1_000, true, ['UpdateNationLevel'], ['ProvideNPCTroopLeader']],
+    ['united', 5_000, true, ['MergeInheritPointRank']],
+];
+
 const addTriggerMeta = (
     meta: Record<string, TriggerValue>,
     key: string,
@@ -194,6 +337,13 @@ const resolveAge = (startYear: number | null, birthYear: number): number => {
 const buildSpecialityAge = (retirementYear: number, age: number, divisor: number): number =>
     Math.max(Math.round((retirementYear - age) / divisor), 3) + age;
 
+const resolveBootstrapSpecialityAge = (
+    scenarioStartYear: number | null,
+    birthYear: number,
+    retirementYear: number,
+    divisor: number
+): number => buildSpecialityAge(retirementYear, resolveAge(scenarioStartYear, birthYear), divisor);
+
 const ADULT_GENERAL_AGE = 14;
 
 type GeneralBootstrapDisposition = 'active' | 'delayed' | 'expired';
@@ -313,7 +463,8 @@ const buildGeneralSeeds = (
     defaultCrewTypeId: number,
     mapCities: MapDefinition['cities'],
     nationCityIds: Map<number, number[]>,
-    placementRng: RandUtil,
+    installRng: RandUtil,
+    initializedValues: Map<ScenarioGeneral, { affinity: number; personality: string }>,
     options?: ScenarioBootstrapOptions
 ): {
     seeds: GeneralSeed[];
@@ -340,47 +491,49 @@ const buildGeneralSeeds = (
             const ownedCityIds = nationId > 0 ? (nationCityIds.get(nationId) ?? []) : [];
             const candidateCityIds = ownedCityIds.length > 0 ? ownedCityIds : mapCities.map((city) => city.id);
             if (candidateCityIds.length > 0) {
-                cityId = placementRng.choice(candidateCityIds);
+                cityId = installRng.choice(candidateCityIds);
             }
         }
         const birthYear = resolveBirthYear(row.birthYear, scenario.startYear);
         const deathYear = resolveDeathYear(row.deathYear, birthYear, scenario.startYear);
-        const deathMonth = resolveScenarioGeneralDeathMonth({
-            scenarioTitle: scenario.title,
-            startYear: scenario.startYear,
-            contextLabel,
-            generalId: id,
-            generalName: row.name,
-            deathYear,
-        });
+        const turnTermMinutes = Math.max(1, Math.floor(options?.turnTermMinutes ?? 60));
+        const initialTurnOffsetMicros =
+            installRng.nextRangeInt(0, turnTermMinutes * 60 - 1) * 1_000_000 + installRng.nextRangeInt(0, 999_999);
+        const deathMonth = installRng.nextRangeInt(1, 12);
         const officerLevel = resolveOfficerLevel(row.officerLevel, nationId);
-        const age = resolveAge(scenario.startYear, birthYear);
+        const initialYear = options?.initialYear ?? scenario.startYear;
+        const initialMonth = options?.initialMonth ?? 1;
+        const age = resolveAge(initialYear, birthYear);
+        const initialized = initializedValues.get(row);
+        if (!initialized) {
+            throw new Error(`Missing legacy initialization values for general ${row.name}.`);
+        }
         const stats = {
             leadership: row.leadership,
             strength: row.strength,
             intelligence: row.intelligence,
         };
+        const { specialDomestic, specialWar } = resolveScenarioTraits(row.special, row.specialWar);
 
         const seedMeta: Record<string, unknown> = {
             source: contextLabel,
             deathMonth,
-            specage: buildSpecialityAge(retirementYear, age, 12),
-            specage2: buildSpecialityAge(retirementYear, age, 6),
+            initialTurnOffsetMicros,
+            // Ref's GeneralBuilder derives speciality ages from the scenario
+            // opening year even when installation stores a pre-opening age.
+            specage: resolveBootstrapSpecialityAge(scenario.startYear, birthYear, retirementYear, 12),
+            specage2: resolveBootstrapSpecialityAge(scenario.startYear, birthYear, retirementYear, 6),
         };
-        if (row.affinity !== null) {
-            seedMeta.affinity = row.affinity;
-        }
-        if (row.personality !== null) {
-            seedMeta.personality = row.personality;
-        }
-        if (row.special !== null) {
-            seedMeta.special = row.special;
+        seedMeta.affinity = initialized.affinity;
+        seedMeta.personality = initialized.personality;
+        if (specialDomestic !== null) {
+            seedMeta.special = specialDomestic;
         }
         if (row.picture !== null) {
             seedMeta.picture = row.picture;
         }
-        if (row.specialWar !== null && row.specialWar !== undefined) {
-            seedMeta.specialWar = row.specialWar;
+        if (specialWar !== null) {
+            seedMeta.specialWar = specialWar;
         }
         if (row.horse !== null && row.horse !== undefined) {
             seedMeta.horse = row.horse;
@@ -407,10 +560,10 @@ const buildGeneralSeeds = (
             officerLevel,
             birthYear,
             deathYear,
-            affinity: row.affinity,
-            personality: row.personality,
-            special: row.special,
-            specialWar: row.specialWar ?? null,
+            affinity: initialized.affinity,
+            personality: initialized.personality,
+            special: specialDomestic,
+            specialWar,
             horse: row.horse ?? null,
             weapon: row.weapon ?? null,
             book: row.book ?? null,
@@ -419,14 +572,16 @@ const buildGeneralSeeds = (
             npcType,
             text: row.text,
             crewTypeId: defaultCrewTypeId,
+            experience: age * 100,
+            dedication: age * 100,
             meta: seedMeta,
         };
         seeds.push(seed);
 
         const generalMeta: GeneralMeta = {
             killturn: resolveKillturnFromDeathYear(
-                scenario.startYear,
-                1,
+                initialYear,
+                initialMonth,
                 deathYear,
                 deathMonth,
                 DEFAULT_GENERAL_KILLTURN
@@ -434,14 +589,14 @@ const buildGeneralSeeds = (
             deathMonth,
             npcType,
             crewTypeId: defaultCrewTypeId,
-            specage: buildSpecialityAge(retirementYear, age, 12),
-            specage2: buildSpecialityAge(retirementYear, age, 6),
+            specage: resolveBootstrapSpecialityAge(scenario.startYear, birthYear, retirementYear, 12),
+            specage2: resolveBootstrapSpecialityAge(scenario.startYear, birthYear, retirementYear, 6),
         };
-        addTriggerMeta(generalMeta, 'affinity', row.affinity);
-        addTriggerMeta(generalMeta, 'personality', row.personality ?? undefined);
-        addTriggerMeta(generalMeta, 'special', row.special ?? undefined);
+        addTriggerMeta(generalMeta, 'affinity', initialized.affinity);
+        addTriggerMeta(generalMeta, 'personality', initialized.personality);
+        addTriggerMeta(generalMeta, 'special', specialDomestic ?? undefined);
         addTriggerMeta(generalMeta, 'picture', row.picture ?? undefined);
-        addTriggerMeta(generalMeta, 'specialWar', row.specialWar ?? undefined);
+        addTriggerMeta(generalMeta, 'specialWar', specialWar ?? undefined);
         addTriggerMeta(generalMeta, 'horse', row.horse ?? undefined);
         addTriggerMeta(generalMeta, 'weapon', row.weapon ?? undefined);
         addTriggerMeta(generalMeta, 'book', row.book ?? undefined);
@@ -456,13 +611,13 @@ const buildGeneralSeeds = (
             cityId,
             troopId: 0,
             stats,
-            experience: 0,
-            dedication: 0,
+            experience: age * 100,
+            dedication: age * 100,
             officerLevel,
             role: {
-                personality: row.personality,
-                specialDomestic: row.special,
-                specialWar: row.specialWar ?? null,
+                personality: initialized.personality,
+                specialDomestic,
+                specialWar,
                 items: {
                     horse: row.horse ?? null,
                     weapon: row.weapon ?? null,
@@ -632,8 +787,8 @@ export const buildScenarioBootstrap = (input: ScenarioBootstrapInput): ScenarioB
     }
 
     const mapDefaults = resolveMapDefaults(map, options);
-    const placementRng = new RandUtil(
-        new LiteHashDRBG(simpleSerialize(options?.hiddenSeed ?? scenario.title, 'InitScenarioGeneralCities'))
+    const installRng = new RandUtil(
+        new LiteHashDRBG(simpleSerialize(options?.hiddenSeed ?? scenario.title, 'InitScenario'))
     );
     const defaultCrewTypeId = unitSet?.defaultCrewTypeId ?? options?.defaultCrewTypeId ?? DEFAULT_CREWTYPE_ID;
     const seedCities: CitySeed[] = [];
@@ -714,6 +869,19 @@ export const buildScenarioBootstrap = (input: ScenarioBootstrapInput): ScenarioB
     const allGeneralSeeds: GeneralSeed[] = [];
     const allGenerals: General[] = [];
     const delayedActionsByBirthYear = new Map<number, unknown[][]>();
+    const initializedValues = new Map<ScenarioGeneral, { affinity: number; personality: string }>();
+    const rawAvailablePersonalities = scenario.config.const.availablePersonality;
+    const availablePersonalities = Array.isArray(rawAvailablePersonalities)
+        ? rawAvailablePersonalities.filter((value): value is string => typeof value === 'string')
+        : DEFAULT_AVAILABLE_PERSONALITIES;
+    const personalityPool =
+        availablePersonalities.length > 0 ? availablePersonalities : DEFAULT_AVAILABLE_PERSONALITIES;
+    for (const row of [...scenario.generals, ...scenario.generalsEx, ...scenario.generalsNeutral]) {
+        const affinity = row.affinity !== null && row.affinity > 0 ? row.affinity : installRng.nextRangeInt(1, 150);
+        const rawPersonality = row.personality ?? installRng.choice(personalityPool);
+        const personality = rawPersonality.includes('_') ? rawPersonality : `che_${rawPersonality}`;
+        initializedValues.set(row, { affinity, personality });
+    }
 
     const partitionGenerals = (rows: ScenarioGeneral[], npcType: 2 | 6): ScenarioGeneral[] => {
         const active: ScenarioGeneral[] = [];
@@ -750,7 +918,8 @@ export const buildScenarioBootstrap = (input: ScenarioBootstrapInput): ScenarioB
         defaultCrewTypeId,
         map.cities,
         nationCityIds,
-        placementRng,
+        installRng,
+        initializedValues,
         options
     );
     allGeneralSeeds.push(...generalResult.seeds);
@@ -769,7 +938,8 @@ export const buildScenarioBootstrap = (input: ScenarioBootstrapInput): ScenarioB
         defaultCrewTypeId,
         map.cities,
         nationCityIds,
-        placementRng,
+        installRng,
+        initializedValues,
         options
     );
     allGeneralSeeds.push(...generalExResult.seeds);
@@ -788,7 +958,8 @@ export const buildScenarioBootstrap = (input: ScenarioBootstrapInput): ScenarioB
         defaultCrewTypeId,
         map.cities,
         nationCityIds,
-        placementRng,
+        installRng,
+        initializedValues,
         options
     );
     allGeneralSeeds.push(...generalNeutralResult.seeds);
@@ -801,7 +972,9 @@ export const buildScenarioBootstrap = (input: ScenarioBootstrapInput): ScenarioB
         ...actions,
         ['DeleteEvent'],
     ]);
-    const events = [...scenario.events, ...delayedGeneralEvents];
+    const defaultEvents = scenario.ignoreDefaultEvents ? [] : LEGACY_DEFAULT_EVENTS;
+    const defaultInitialEvents = scenario.ignoreDefaultEvents ? [] : LEGACY_DEFAULT_INITIAL_EVENTS;
+    const events = [...defaultEvents, ...scenario.events, ...delayedGeneralEvents];
 
     const seed: WorldSeedPayload = {
         scenarioConfig: scenario.config,
@@ -814,7 +987,7 @@ export const buildScenarioBootstrap = (input: ScenarioBootstrapInput): ScenarioB
         troops: [],
         diplomacy: scenario.diplomacy,
         events,
-        initialEvents: scenario.initialEvents,
+        initialEvents: [...defaultInitialEvents, ...scenario.initialEvents],
     };
 
     const snapshot: WorldSnapshot = {
@@ -828,7 +1001,7 @@ export const buildScenarioBootstrap = (input: ScenarioBootstrapInput): ScenarioB
         troops: [],
         diplomacy: scenario.diplomacy,
         events,
-        initialEvents: scenario.initialEvents,
+        initialEvents: [...defaultInitialEvents, ...scenario.initialEvents],
     };
 
     return { snapshot, seed, warnings };
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/world/distance.ts b/packages/logic/src/world/distance.ts
index 85600f9d..2f25a386 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/world/distance.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/world/distance.ts
@@ -27,16 +27,20 @@ export const getCityDistance = (map: MapDefinition, startCityId: number, endCity
     return Infinity;
 };
 
-export const searchDistance = (map: MapDefinition, startCityId: number, range: number): Record<number, number> => {
-    const result: Record<number, number> = {};
+export const searchDistanceEntries = (
+    map: MapDefinition,
+    startCityId: number,
+    range: number
+): Array<[cityId: number, distance: number]> => {
+    const result: Array<[number, number]> = [];
     const visited = new Set<number>();
     const queue: [number, number][] = [[startCityId, 0]];
 
     visited.add(startCityId);
-    result[startCityId] = 0;
 
     while (queue.length > 0) {
         const [currentId, dist] = queue.shift()!;
+        result.push([currentId, dist]);
 
         if (dist >= range) continue;
 
@@ -47,7 +51,6 @@ export const searchDistance = (map: MapDefinition, startCityId: number, range: n
             if (!visited.has(neighborId)) {
                 visited.add(neighborId);
                 const newDist = dist + 1;
-                result[neighborId] = newDist;
                 queue.push([neighborId, newDist]);
             }
         }
@@ -55,3 +58,6 @@ export const searchDistance = (map: MapDefinition, startCityId: number, range: n
 
     return result;
 };
+
+export const searchDistance = (map: MapDefinition, startCityId: number, range: number): Record<number, number> =>
+    Object.fromEntries(searchDistanceEntries(map, startCityId, range));
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/world/types.ts b/packages/logic/src/world/types.ts
index e460c458..0426499e 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/world/types.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/world/types.ts
@@ -158,6 +158,8 @@ export interface GeneralSeed {
     npcType: number;
     text: string | null;
     crewTypeId: number;
+    experience?: number;
+    dedication?: number;
     meta: Record<string, unknown>;
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/logic/test/crewTypeExecution.test.ts b/packages/logic/test/crewTypeExecution.test.ts
index c2489748..5e531004 100644
--- a/packages/logic/test/crewTypeExecution.test.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/test/crewTypeExecution.test.ts
@@ -233,6 +233,43 @@ describe('crew type catalog', () => {
 
         expect(computeBattleOrder(defender, attacker)).toBe(10000);
     });
+
+    it('uses live injured and full action-adjusted stats for defender order', () => {
+        const footman = crewType(1100, 1, '보병');
+        const rng = new RandUtil(new ConstantRNG(0));
+        const attacker = buildGeneralUnit(rng, buildGeneral(1, footman.id), footman, true);
+        const defenderGeneral = { ...buildGeneral(2, footman.id), injury: 50 };
+        const defender = buildGeneralUnit(
+            rng,
+            defenderGeneral,
+            footman,
+            false,
+            new WarActionPipeline([
+                {
+                    onCalcStat: (_context, statName, value) =>
+                        statName === 'leadership' && typeof value === 'number' ? value + 40 : value,
+                },
+            ])
+        );
+
+        expect(computeBattleOrder(defender, attacker)).toBe(260);
+    });
+
+    it('excludes defenders below the legacy defence training threshold', () => {
+        const footman = crewType(1100, 1, '보병');
+        const rng = new RandUtil(new ConstantRNG(0));
+        const attacker = buildGeneralUnit(rng, buildGeneral(1, footman.id), footman, true);
+        const baseDefender = buildGeneral(2, footman.id);
+        const defenderGeneral = {
+            ...baseDefender,
+            train: 79,
+            atmos: 80,
+            meta: { ...baseDefender.meta, defence_train: 80 },
+        };
+        const defender = buildGeneralUnit(rng, defenderGeneral, footman, false);
+
+        expect(computeBattleOrder(defender, attacker)).toBe(0);
+    });
 });
 
 describe('crew type war triggers', () => {
diff --git a/packages/logic/test/disbandAction.test.ts b/packages/logic/test/disbandAction.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3fb59301
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/logic/test/disbandAction.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+
+import { createRefOrderedActionStack } from '../src/actionModules/bundle.js';
+import type { GeneralActionModule } from '../src/actionModules/general.js';
+import { ActionDefinition } from '../src/actions/turn/general/che_소집해제.js';
+
+describe('che_소집해제', () => {
+    it('applies legacy experience and dedication stat hooks', () => {
+        const personality = {
+            eventHandlers: {},
+            onCalcStat: (_context, statName, value) => {
+                if (statName === 'experience') return Number(value) * 1.1;
+                if (statName === 'dedication') return Number(value) * 0.9;
+                return value;
+            },
+        } satisfies GeneralActionModule;
+        const noOp = {};
+        const definition = new ActionDefinition({
+            generalActionModules: createRefOrderedActionStack({
+                nation: noOp,
+                officer: noOp,
+                domestic: noOp,
+                war: noOp,
+                personality,
+                crewType: null,
+                inheritance: noOp,
+                scenario: null,
+                items: [],
+            }),
+        } as never);
+        const general = { crew: 500, experience: 1_000, dedication: 2_000 };
+        const city = { population: 10_000 };
+
+        definition.resolve(
+            {
+                general,
+                city,
+                addLog: () => undefined,
+            } as never,
+            {}
+        );
+
+        expect(general.experience).toBe(1_077);
+        expect(general.dedication).toBe(2_090);
+    });
+});
diff --git a/packages/logic/test/dispatchWarAction.test.ts b/packages/logic/test/dispatchWarAction.test.ts
index c92377c2..d2fe2593 100644
--- a/packages/logic/test/dispatchWarAction.test.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/test/dispatchWarAction.test.ts
@@ -181,8 +181,12 @@ describe('che_출병', () => {
         const defenderNation = buildNation(2);
         const attackerCity = buildCity(1, attackerNation.id);
         const defenderCity = buildCity(2, defenderNation.id);
+        const neutralCity = buildCity(3, 0);
         const attacker = buildGeneral(1, attackerNation.id, attackerCity.id);
         const defender = buildGeneral(2, defenderNation.id, defenderCity.id);
+        defender.crew = 0;
+        defenderCity.defence = 0;
+        defenderCity.wall = 0;
 
         const definition = new ActionDefinition();
         const context: Omit<DispatchResolveContext, 'addLog'> = {
@@ -192,10 +196,23 @@ describe('che_출병', () => {
             rng,
             destCity: defenderCity,
             destNation: defenderNation,
-            cities: [attackerCity, defenderCity],
+            cities: [attackerCity, defenderCity, neutralCity],
             nations: [attackerNation, defenderNation],
             generals: [attacker, defender],
             unitSet,
+            map: {
+                id: 'test-map',
+                name: 'test-map',
+                cities: [
+                    { id: 1, name: 'City1', level: 2, region: 1, position: { x: 0, y: 0 }, connections: [2, 3], max: { population: 1, agriculture: 1, commerce: 1, security: 1, defence: 1, wall: 1 }, initial: { population: 1, agriculture: 1, commerce: 1, security: 1, defence: 1, wall: 1 } },
+                    { id: 2, name: 'City2', level: 2, region: 1, position: { x: 1, y: 0 }, connections: [1], max: { population: 1, agriculture: 1, commerce: 1, security: 1, defence: 1, wall: 1 }, initial: { population: 1, agriculture: 1, commerce: 1, security: 1, defence: 1, wall: 1 } },
+                    { id: 3, name: 'City3', level: 2, region: 1, position: { x: 0, y: 1 }, connections: [1], max: { population: 1, agriculture: 1, commerce: 1, security: 1, defence: 1, wall: 1 }, initial: { population: 1, agriculture: 1, commerce: 1, security: 1, defence: 1, wall: 1 } },
+                ],
+            },
+            diplomacy: [
+                { fromNationId: attackerNation.id, toNationId: defenderNation.id, state: 0, term: 0 },
+                { fromNationId: defenderNation.id, toNationId: attackerNation.id, state: 0, term: 0 },
+            ],
             time: {
                 year: 200,
                 month: 1,
@@ -220,6 +237,9 @@ describe('che_출병', () => {
         expect(resolution.logs.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
         expect(resolution.patches?.generals.some((patch) => patch.id === defender.id)).toBe(true);
         expect(resolution.patches?.cities.some((patch) => patch.id === defenderCity.id)).toBe(true);
+        expect({ city: resolution.city, patches: resolution.patches?.cities }).toMatchObject({
+            city: { frontState: 2 },
+        });
         expect(
             resolution.effects.some(
                 (effect) =>
@@ -229,4 +249,77 @@ describe('che_출병', () => {
             )
         ).toBe(true);
     });
+
+    it('prefers an enemy on the shortest route layer before considering the next layer', () => {
+        const attackerNation = buildNation(1);
+        const attackerCity = buildCity(1, attackerNation.id);
+        const targetCity = buildCity(2, 0);
+        const alternateCity = buildCity(3, 0);
+        targetCity.defence = 0;
+        targetCity.wall = 0;
+        alternateCity.defence = 0;
+        alternateCity.wall = 0;
+        const attacker = buildGeneral(1, attackerNation.id, attackerCity.id);
+        const pickLastRng = {
+            ...rng,
+            nextInt: (_minInclusive: number, maxExclusive: number) => maxExclusive - 1,
+        };
+        const definition = new ActionDefinition();
+        const mapCity = (id: number, connections: number[]) => ({
+            id,
+            name: `City${id}`,
+            level: 2,
+            region: 1,
+            position: { x: id, y: 0 },
+            connections,
+            max: {
+                population: 1,
+                agriculture: 1,
+                commerce: 1,
+                security: 1,
+                defence: 1,
+                wall: 1,
+            },
+            initial: {
+                population: 1,
+                agriculture: 1,
+                commerce: 1,
+                security: 1,
+                defence: 1,
+                wall: 1,
+            },
+        });
+        const context: Omit<DispatchResolveContext, 'addLog'> = {
+            general: attacker,
+            city: attackerCity,
+            nation: attackerNation,
+            rng: pickLastRng,
+            destCity: targetCity,
+            destNation: null,
+            cities: [attackerCity, targetCity, alternateCity],
+            nations: [attackerNation],
+            generals: [attacker],
+            unitSet,
+            map: {
+                id: 'triangle',
+                name: 'triangle',
+                cities: [mapCity(1, [2, 3]), mapCity(2, [1, 3]), mapCity(3, [1, 2])],
+            },
+            diplomacy: [],
+            time: { year: 200, month: 1, startYear: 180 },
+            seedBase: 'route-layer-seed',
+            warConfig,
+            aftermathConfig,
+        };
+
+        const resolution = resolveGeneralAction(
+            definition,
+            context,
+            { now: new Date('2000-01-01T00:00:00Z'), schedule },
+            { destCityId: targetCity.id }
+        );
+
+        expect(resolution.patches?.cities.some((patch) => patch.id === targetCity.id)).toBe(true);
+        expect(resolution.patches?.cities.some((patch) => patch.id === alternateCity.id)).toBe(false);
+    });
 });
diff --git a/packages/logic/test/scenarios/blankStart.test.ts b/packages/logic/test/scenarios/blankStart.test.ts
index f8052ca5..92128b98 100644
--- a/packages/logic/test/scenarios/blankStart.test.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/test/scenarios/blankStart.test.ts
@@ -191,6 +191,10 @@ describe('Blank Start Scenario', () => {
         const newNation = world.getNation(newNationId)!;
         expect(newNation.chiefGeneralId).toBe(gen0.id);
         expect(newNation.level).toBe(0); // Wandering Nation
+        // Ref che_거병 does not install a nation-specific NPC policy. Leaving
+        // this key absent preserves AutorunNationPolicy's 50,000 population
+        // floor instead of silently overriding it with zero.
+        expect(newNation.meta).not.toHaveProperty('npc_nation_policy');
 
         // --- Step 2: Gen 1 performs Appointment ---
         // Before appointment, Gen 0 should FAIL Founding because general count = 1
diff --git a/packages/logic/test/scenarios/general/che_귀환.test.ts b/packages/logic/test/scenarios/general/che_귀환.test.ts
index 98193757..2ae63472 100644
--- a/packages/logic/test/scenarios/general/che_귀환.test.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/test/scenarios/general/che_귀환.test.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ import type { MapDefinition } from '../../../src/world/types.js';
 import type { TurnCommandEnv } from '../../../src/actions/turn/commandEnv.js';
 import type { ConstraintContext, RequirementKey, StateView } from '../../../src/constraints/types.js';
 import { evaluateActionConstraints } from '../../../src/constraints/evaluate.js';
+import { createRefOrderedActionStack } from '../../../src/actionModules/bundle.js';
+import type { GeneralActionModule } from '../../../src/actionModules/general.js';
 
 const MOCK_SCENARIO_BASE = {
     title: 'Test',
@@ -146,7 +148,7 @@ function createViewState(world: InMemoryWorld, year: number = 200, env: TurnComm
 }
 
 describe('che_귀환', () => {
-    it('should return to capital if normal officer', async () => {
+    it('should return to capital and apply legacy experience modifiers', async () => {
         const bootstrapResult = buildScenarioBootstrap({
             scenario: MOCK_SCENARIO_BASE,
             map: LINEAR_MAP,
@@ -203,7 +205,23 @@ describe('che_귀환', () => {
                 generalId: general.id,
                 commandKey: 'che_귀환',
                 resolver: (await import('../../../src/actions/turn/general/che_귀환.js')).commandSpec.createDefinition(
-                    {} as any
+                    {
+                        ...systemEnv,
+                        generalActionModules: createRefOrderedActionStack<GeneralActionModule>({
+                            nation: {
+                                onCalcStat: (_context, statName, value) =>
+                                    statName === 'experience' && typeof value === 'number' ? value * 1.1 : value,
+                            },
+                            officer: {},
+                            domestic: {},
+                            war: {},
+                            personality: {},
+                            crewType: null,
+                            inheritance: {},
+                            scenario: null,
+                            items: [],
+                        }),
+                    }
                 ),
                 args: {},
             },
@@ -211,7 +229,7 @@ describe('che_귀환', () => {
 
         const updated = world.getGeneral(general.id);
         expect(updated?.cityId).toBe(101); // Capital
-        expect(updated?.experience).toBe(70);
+        expect(updated?.experience).toBe(77);
         expect(updated?.dedication).toBe(100);
         expect(updated?.meta.leadership_exp).toBe(1);
 
diff --git a/packages/logic/test/scenarios/general_commands_new.test.ts b/packages/logic/test/scenarios/general_commands_new.test.ts
index cb411dc4..467c8052 100644
--- a/packages/logic/test/scenarios/general_commands_new.test.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/test/scenarios/general_commands_new.test.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,10 @@ import { MINIMAL_MAP } from '../fixtures/minimalMap.js';
 import { InMemoryWorld, TestGameRunner } from '../testEnv.js';
 import type { City, General, Nation } from '../../src/domain/entities.js';
 import type { WorldSnapshot } from '../../src/world/types.js';
-import { commandSpec as procureSpec } from '../../src/actions/turn/general/che_물자조달.js';
+import {
+    commandSpec as procureSpec,
+    roundLegacyAccumulatedInteger,
+} from '../../src/actions/turn/general/che_물자조달.js';
 import { commandSpec as donateSpec } from '../../src/actions/turn/general/che_헌납.js';
 import { commandSpec as moveSpec } from '../../src/actions/turn/general/che_이동.js';
 import { commandSpec as wanderSpec } from '../../src/actions/turn/general/che_방랑.js';
@@ -24,8 +27,65 @@ import {
     loadItemModules,
 } from '../../src/items/index.js';
 import { createRefOrderedActionStack } from '../../src/actionModules/bundle.js';
+import type { GeneralActionModule } from '../../src/actionModules/general.js';
+import {
+    normalizeLegacyGeneratedDex,
+    resolveLegacySpecialityAge,
+} from '../../src/actions/turn/general/che_인재탐색.js';
+import {
+    addLegacyStoredTech,
+    readLegacyStoredTech,
+    toLegacyStoredTech,
+} from '../../src/actions/turn/general/che_기술연구.js';
+import {
+    readLegacyCityTrust,
+    storeLegacyCityTrust,
+} from '../../src/actions/turn/general/legacyCityTrust.js';
+import { roundLegacyRecruitCost } from '../../src/actions/turn/general/che_징병.js';
 
 describe('General Commands New Scenario', () => {
+    it('truncates generated NPC dex like GeneralBuilder integer arguments', () => {
+        expect(normalizeLegacyGeneratedDex([36.5, 7.9, 7.1, 7.99, 0.75])).toEqual([36, 7, 7, 7, 0]);
+    });
+
+    it('rounds the accumulated procurement experience like a MariaDB INT assignment', () => {
+        const delta = (45 * 0.7) / 3;
+        expect(delta).toBe(10.499999999999998);
+        expect(Math.round(delta)).toBe(10);
+        expect(roundLegacyAccumulatedInteger(4554, delta)).toBe(4565);
+    });
+
+    it('persists generated NPC speciality ages from the legacy creation date', () => {
+        expect(resolveLegacySpecialityAge(80, 22, 12)).toBe(27);
+        expect(resolveLegacySpecialityAge(80, 22, 6)).toBe(32);
+        expect(resolveLegacySpecialityAge(80, 24, 12)).toBe(29);
+    });
+
+    it('stores technology as binary32 without per-update decimal quantization', () => {
+        const value = 433.51797;
+        expect(toLegacyStoredTech(value)).toBe(Math.fround(value));
+        expect(toLegacyStoredTech(value)).not.toBe(Number(Math.fround(value).toPrecision(6)));
+        expect(readLegacyStoredTech(624.0966796875)).toBe(624.097);
+        expect(addLegacyStoredTech(624.0966796875, 22.9)).toBe(Math.fround(624.097 + 22.9));
+    });
+
+    it('separates MariaDB FLOAT trust storage from its six-digit PHP read value', () => {
+        const stored = storeLegacyCityTrust(88.306755);
+
+        expect(stored).toBe(Math.fround(88.306755));
+        expect(stored).not.toBe(readLegacyCityTrust(stored));
+        expect(readLegacyCityTrust(stored)).toBe(88.3068);
+        expect(readLegacyCityTrust(storeLegacyCityTrust(readLegacyCityTrust(stored) + 10))).toBe(98.3068);
+    });
+
+    it('rounds recruitment cost across the PHP half boundary', () => {
+        const cavalryCost = (11 * 1.15 * 7000) / 100;
+
+        expect(cavalryCost).toBe(885.4999999999999);
+        expect(Math.round(cavalryCost)).toBe(885);
+        expect(roundLegacyRecruitCost(cavalryCost)).toBe(886);
+    });
+
     // 1. Setup Environment
     const systemEnv: TurnCommandEnv = {
         develCost: 100,
@@ -168,7 +228,26 @@ describe('General Commands New Scenario', () => {
         const runner = new TestGameRunner(world, 200, 1);
 
         // 1. Procure
-        const procureDef = procureSpec.createDefinition(systemEnv);
+        const procureDef = procureSpec.createDefinition({
+            ...systemEnv,
+            generalActionModules: (() => {
+                const noOp = {};
+                return createRefOrderedActionStack({
+                    nation: noOp,
+                    officer: noOp,
+                    domestic: noOp,
+                    war: noOp,
+                    personality: {
+                        eventHandlers: {},
+                        onCalcStat: (_context, statName, value) => (statName === 'experience' ? value * 1.1 : value),
+                    } satisfies GeneralActionModule,
+                    crewType: null,
+                    inheritance: noOp,
+                    scenario: null,
+                    items: [],
+                });
+            })(),
+        });
         await runner.runTurn([
             {
                 generalId: 1,
@@ -191,8 +270,12 @@ describe('General Commands New Scenario', () => {
         ]);
 
         const n1_after_procure = world.getNation(1)!;
+        const g1_after_procure = world.getGeneral(1)!;
         // Nation gains gold
         expect(n1_after_procure.gold).toBeGreaterThan(10000);
+        // Ref's addExperience/addDedication route rewards through onCalcStat.
+        expect(g1_after_procure.experience).toBe(183);
+        expect(g1_after_procure.dedication).toBe(208);
 
         // 2. Donate
         const donateDef = donateSpec.createDefinition(systemEnv);
diff --git a/packages/logic/test/scenarios/troops.test.ts b/packages/logic/test/scenarios/troops.test.ts
index 970e9566..6f85ec4c 100644
--- a/packages/logic/test/scenarios/troops.test.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/test/scenarios/troops.test.ts
@@ -7,8 +7,18 @@ import { commandSpec as recruitSpec } from '../../src/actions/turn/general/che_
 import { commandSpec as trainSpec } from '../../src/actions/turn/general/che_훈련.js';
 import { commandSpec as atmosSpec } from '../../src/actions/turn/general/che_사기진작.js';
 import type { TurnCommandEnv } from '../../src/actions/turn/commandEnv.js';
+import { createRefOrderedActionStack } from '../../src/actionModules/bundle.js';
+import type { GeneralActionModule } from '../../src/actionModules/general.js';
+import { applyLegacyInjury, finalizeLegacyStat } from '../../src/actions/turn/general/legacyGeneralStat.js';
 
 describe('Troop Management Scenario', () => {
+    it('applies injury before action stat modifiers and floors like Ref General::getLeadership()', () => {
+        const injured = applyLegacyInjury(62, 3);
+        expect(injured).toBeCloseTo(60.14, 12);
+        expect(finalizeLegacyStat(injured * 2)).toBe(120);
+        expect(Math.round(((120 * 100) / 6076) * 30)).toBe(59);
+    });
+
     it('should successfully draft troops, then train and boost morale', async () => {
         // 1. Setup World
         const mockNation: Nation = {
@@ -130,6 +140,29 @@ describe('Troop Management Scenario', () => {
             baseGold: 1000,
             baseRice: 1000,
             maxResourceActionAmount: 1000,
+            ...(snapshot.unitSet ? { unitSet: snapshot.unitSet } : {}),
+            generalActionModules: (() => {
+                const noOp = {};
+                return createRefOrderedActionStack({
+                    nation: noOp,
+                    officer: noOp,
+                    domestic: noOp,
+                    war: noOp,
+                    personality: {
+                        eventHandlers: {},
+                        onCalcStat: (_context, statName, value) => {
+                            if (typeof value !== 'number') return value;
+                            if (statName === 'experience') return value * 0.9;
+                            if (statName === 'addDex') return value * 0.5;
+                            return value;
+                        },
+                    } satisfies GeneralActionModule,
+                    crewType: null,
+                    inheritance: noOp,
+                    scenario: null,
+                    items: [],
+                });
+            })(),
         };
 
         // 2. Draft Troops
@@ -145,8 +178,20 @@ describe('Troop Management Scenario', () => {
 
         const generalAfterDraft = world.getGeneral(1)!;
         expect(generalAfterDraft.crew).toBe(1000);
+        // Ref's General::addExperience() applies personality/item stat modules
+        // after rounding the crew-based base reward. Dedication is routed
+        // through the same pipeline but remains unchanged in this fixture.
+        expect(generalAfterDraft.experience).toBe(109);
+        expect(generalAfterDraft.dedication).toBe(110);
         // General::addDex(): 보병(armType 1)은 징병 인원 / 100만큼 숙련도가 오른다.
-        expect(generalAfterDraft.meta.dex1).toBe(10);
+        expect(generalAfterDraft.meta.dex1).toBe(5);
+        // Ref che_징병 stores aux.armType and its AI keeps that category on
+        // later recruitment decisions.
+        expect(generalAfterDraft.meta.armType).toBe(1);
+        // 훈련/사기진작의 실제 증가분과 addDex 파이프라인을 관찰할 여유를 만든다.
+        world.snapshot.generals = world.snapshot.generals.map((general) =>
+            general.id === generalAfterDraft.id ? { ...general, train: 80, atmos: 80 } : general
+        );
 
         // 3. Train
         const trainDef = trainSpec.createDefinition(systemEnv);
@@ -162,6 +207,10 @@ describe('Troop Management Scenario', () => {
         const generalAfterTrain = world.getGeneral(1)!;
         // 레거시 훈련식: round(통솔 * 100 * trainDelta / 병력), 상한까지 적용.
         expect(generalAfterTrain.train).toBe(100);
+        // General::addExperience()/addDedication()/addDex()와 동일하게 모듈 보정을 거친다.
+        expect(generalAfterTrain.experience).toBe(199);
+        expect(generalAfterTrain.dedication).toBe(180);
+        expect(generalAfterTrain.meta.dex1).toBe(15);
 
         // 4. Boost Morale
         const atmosDef = atmosSpec.createDefinition(systemEnv);
@@ -177,5 +226,8 @@ describe('Troop Management Scenario', () => {
         const generalAfterAtmos = world.getGeneral(1)!;
         // 레거시 사기진작식: round(통솔 * 100 / 병력 * atmosDelta), 명령 상한까지 적용.
         expect(generalAfterAtmos.atmos).toBe(100);
+        expect(generalAfterAtmos.experience).toBe(289);
+        expect(generalAfterAtmos.dedication).toBe(250);
+        expect(generalAfterAtmos.meta.dex1).toBe(25);
     });
 });
diff --git a/packages/logic/test/specialActions.test.ts b/packages/logic/test/specialActions.test.ts
index 23c5c360..635e47c8 100644
--- a/packages/logic/test/specialActions.test.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/test/specialActions.test.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import { createGeneralTriggerContext } from '../src/triggers/general.js';
 import {
     createTraitCatalog,
     createTraitModules,
+    loadEventDomesticTraitModules,
     loadDomesticTraitModules,
     loadWarTraitModules,
 } from '../src/actionModules/traits/index.js';
@@ -251,6 +252,40 @@ describe('trait modules', () => {
         expect(general.triggerState.flags['pre.치료']).toBe(true);
     });
 
+    it('assigns event-의술 healing draws in legacy general-id order', async () => {
+        const eventDomestic = await loadEventDomesticTraitModules(['che_event_의술']);
+        const registry = createTraitCatalog({ domestic: eventDomestic });
+        const traitModules = createTraitModules(registry);
+        const pipeline = new GeneralActionPipeline(traitModules.general);
+        const healer = buildGeneral({
+            id: 818,
+            role: {
+                personality: null,
+                specialDomestic: 'che_event_의술',
+                specialWar: null,
+                items: { horse: null, weapon: null, book: null, item: null },
+            },
+        });
+        const lowerIdPatient = buildGeneral({ id: 444, name: 'Lower', injury: 12 });
+        const higherIdPatient = buildGeneral({ id: 775, name: 'Higher', injury: 30 });
+        const worldView = {
+            listGeneralsByCity: (_cityId: number) => [healer, higherIdPatient, lowerIdPatient],
+            listGenerals: () => [healer, higherIdPatient, lowerIdPatient],
+        };
+        let draw = 0;
+        const rng: RandomGenerator = {
+            nextFloat1: () => 0,
+            nextBool: () => draw++ === 0,
+            nextInt: (minInclusive: number, _maxExclusive: number) => minInclusive,
+        };
+        const triggerContext = createGeneralTriggerContext({ general: healer, rng, worldView });
+
+        pipeline.getPreTurnExecuteTriggerList({ general: healer, worldView }).fire(triggerContext, {});
+
+        expect(lowerIdPatient.injury).toBe(0);
+        expect(higherIdPatient.injury).toBe(30);
+    });
+
     it('activates 의술 battle trigger and reduces damage', async () => {
         const domestic = await loadDomesticTraitModules(['che_인덕', 'che_발명']);
         const war = await loadWarTraitModules(['che_의술', 'che_징병']);
diff --git a/packages/logic/test/warAftermath.test.ts b/packages/logic/test/warAftermath.test.ts
index fcf5d3b7..01dfd5be 100644
--- a/packages/logic/test/warAftermath.test.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/test/warAftermath.test.ts
@@ -170,13 +170,49 @@ describe('war aftermath', () => {
             },
         });
 
-        expect(attackerNation.meta.tech).toBe(1000.6);
-        expect(defenderNation.meta.tech).toBe(1000.9);
+        expect(attackerNation.meta.tech).toBe(Math.fround(1000.6));
+        expect(defenderNation.meta.tech).toBe(Math.fround(1000.9));
         expect(outcome.diplomacyDeltas).toHaveLength(2);
         expect(attackerCity.meta.dead).toBe(60);
         expect(defenderCity.meta.dead).toBe(90);
     });
 
+    it('truncates each city casualty split before accumulating it', () => {
+        const attackerNation = buildNation(1);
+        const defenderNation = buildNation(2);
+        const attackerCity = buildCity(1, 1);
+        const defenderCity = buildCity(2, 2);
+        attackerCity.meta.dead = 10;
+        defenderCity.meta.dead = 20;
+        const attacker = buildGeneral(1, 1, 1);
+
+        resolveWarAftermath({
+            battle: {
+                attacker,
+                defenders: [],
+                defenderCity,
+                logs: [],
+                conquered: false,
+                reports: [
+                    { id: attacker.id, type: 'general', name: attacker.name, isAttacker: true, killed: 101, dead: 52 },
+                ],
+            },
+            attackerNation,
+            defenderNation,
+            attackerCity,
+            defenderCity,
+            nations: [attackerNation, defenderNation],
+            cities: [attackerCity, defenderCity],
+            generals: [attacker],
+            unitSet: buildUnitSet(),
+            config: buildConfig(),
+            time: { year: 200, month: 1, startYear: 180 },
+        });
+
+        expect(attackerCity.meta.dead).toBe(71);
+        expect(defenderCity.meta.dead).toBe(111);
+    });
+
     it('logs emergency relocation when a surviving nation loses its capital', () => {
         const attackerNation = buildNation(1);
         const defenderNation = buildNation(2);
@@ -307,6 +343,62 @@ describe('war aftermath', () => {
         );
     });
 
+    it('matches ruined-nation lord ordering and NPC appointment draws', () => {
+        const attackerNation = buildNation(1);
+        const defenderNation = buildNation(2);
+        defenderNation.chiefGeneralId = 10;
+        const attackerCity = buildCity(1, 1);
+        const defenderCity = buildCity(2, 2);
+        const attacker = buildGeneral(1, 1, 1);
+        const lord = buildGeneral(10, 2, 2);
+        const npc = buildGeneral(2, 2, 2);
+        npc.npcState = 2;
+
+        const rangeDraws = [0.2, 0.21, 0.4, 0.41];
+        const nextBool = vi.fn().mockReturnValueOnce(false).mockReturnValueOnce(true).mockReturnValueOnce(false);
+        const rng = {
+            nextRange: vi.fn(() => rangeDraws.shift()!),
+            nextBool,
+            nextRangeInt: vi.fn(() => 6),
+        } as unknown as RandUtil;
+
+        const outcome = resolveWarAftermath({
+            battle: {
+                attacker,
+                defenders: [],
+                defenderCity,
+                logs: [],
+                conquered: true,
+                reports: [],
+            },
+            attackerNation,
+            defenderNation,
+            attackerCity,
+            defenderCity,
+            nations: [attackerNation, defenderNation],
+            cities: [attackerCity, defenderCity],
+            // The caller order deliberately puts the lord first.
+            generals: [attacker, lord, npc],
+            unitSet: buildUnitSet(),
+            config: {
+                ...buildConfig(),
+                joinMode: 'full',
+                joinRuinedNpcProbability: 0.1,
+            },
+            time: { year: 186, month: 1, startYear: 179 },
+            rng,
+        });
+
+        expect(npc.gold).toBe(800);
+        expect(npc.rice).toBe(790);
+        expect(lord.gold).toBe(600);
+        expect(lord.rice).toBe(590);
+        expect(nextBool.mock.calls.map(([probability]) => probability)).toEqual([0.5, 0.1, 0.5]);
+        expect(outcome.conquest?.ruinedNpcJoinPlans).toEqual([
+            { generalId: npc.id, destNationId: attackerNation.id, joinTurn: 6 },
+        ]);
+    });
+
     it('dispatches city conquest to every stationed defender before collapse RNG', () => {
         const rng = new RandUtil(new ConstantRNG(0));
         const draws = [0.01, 0.02, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7];
diff --git a/packages/logic/test/warEngine.test.ts b/packages/logic/test/warEngine.test.ts
index 7a1a5ecd..24bf6f9e 100644
--- a/packages/logic/test/warEngine.test.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/test/warEngine.test.ts
@@ -166,6 +166,64 @@ const buildGeneral = (strength: number): General => ({
 });
 
 describe('war triggers', () => {
+    it('normalizes accumulated dexterity to the PHP SQL float precision', () => {
+        const general = buildGeneral(80);
+        general.meta.dex4 = 14_677.199999999997;
+        const wizard = new WarCrewType({
+            ...buildUnitSet().crewTypes![0]!,
+            id: 104,
+            armType: 4,
+            name: '귀병',
+        });
+        const unit = new WarUnitGeneral(
+            new RandUtil(new ConstantRNG(0)),
+            buildConfig(),
+            general,
+            buildCity(),
+            buildNation(),
+            true,
+            wizard,
+            new ActionLogger({ generalId: 1, nationId: 1 }),
+            new WarActionPipeline([])
+        );
+
+        unit.addDex(wizard, 2047);
+
+        expect(general.meta.dex4).toBe(16_519.5);
+    });
+
+    it('preserves the legacy fractional morale gain after a win', () => {
+        const general = buildGeneral(80);
+        general.atmos = 105;
+        const crewType = new WarCrewType(buildUnitSet().crewTypes![0]!);
+        const unit = new WarUnitGeneral(
+            new RandUtil(new ConstantRNG(0)),
+            buildConfig(),
+            general,
+            buildCity(),
+            buildNation(),
+            true,
+            crewType,
+            new ActionLogger({ generalId: 1, nationId: 1 }),
+            new WarActionPipeline([])
+        );
+        const defenderCity = new WarUnitCity(
+            new RandUtil(new ConstantRNG(0)),
+            buildConfig(),
+            { ...buildCity(), nationId: 2 },
+            { ...buildNation(), id: 2 },
+            new WarCrewType(buildUnitSet().crewTypes![1]!),
+            new ActionLogger({ generalId: 0, nationId: 2 }),
+            200,
+            180
+        );
+        unit.setOppose(defenderCity);
+
+        unit.addWin();
+
+        expect(general.atmos).toBeCloseTo(115.5, 12);
+    });
+
     it('updates the legacy experience level and applies item experience modifiers immediately', () => {
         const general = buildGeneral(80);
         general.experience = 90;
@@ -224,6 +282,28 @@ describe('war triggers', () => {
         expect(general.meta.dex5).toBe(5090);
     });
 
+    it('consumes one accumulated stat-exp threshold when a battle finishes', () => {
+        const general = buildGeneral(80);
+        general.meta.intel_exp = 30;
+        const crewType = new WarCrewType(buildUnitSet().crewTypes![0]!);
+        const unit = new WarUnitGeneral(
+            new RandUtil(new ConstantRNG(0)),
+            buildConfig(),
+            general,
+            buildCity(),
+            buildNation(),
+            true,
+            crewType,
+            new ActionLogger({ generalId: 1, nationId: 1 }),
+            new WarActionPipeline([])
+        );
+
+        unit.finishBattle();
+
+        expect(general.stats.intelligence).toBe(71);
+        expect(general.meta.intel_exp).toBe(0);
+    });
+
     it('activates and applies critical damage', async () => {
         const rng = new RandUtil(new ConstantRNG(0));
         const config = buildConfig();
@@ -326,6 +406,30 @@ describe('war triggers', () => {
         expect(city.conflict).toEqual({ 1: 1.05, 2: 1 });
         expect(city.meta.conflict_order).toEqual([1, 2]);
     });
+
+    it('uses the legacy virtual rice reserve for a neutral defender', () => {
+        const events: string[] = [];
+        const city = { ...buildCity(), nationId: 0 };
+
+        resolveWarBattle({
+            rng: new RandUtil(new ConstantRNG(0)),
+            unitSet: buildUnitSet(),
+            config: buildConfig(),
+            time: { year: 200, month: 1, startYear: 180 },
+            attacker: {
+                general: buildGeneral(80),
+                city: buildCity(),
+                nation: buildNation(),
+            },
+            defenders: [],
+            defenderCity: city,
+            defenderNation: null,
+            trace: (event) => events.push(event.event),
+        });
+
+        expect(events).not.toContain('supply_retreat');
+        expect(events).toContain('phase_damage');
+    });
 });
 
 describe('resolveWarBattle', () => {
diff --git a/packages/logic/test/warUtils.test.ts b/packages/logic/test/warUtils.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4ec62987
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/logic/test/warUtils.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+
+import { round } from '../src/war/utils.js';
+
+describe('legacy war rounding', () => {
+    it('matches PHP round() at drifted positive and negative half boundaries', () => {
+        expect(round(4159.499999999999)).toBe(4160);
+        expect(round(-4159.499999999999)).toBe(-4160);
+    });
+
+    it('keeps values meaningfully below a half boundary on the lower integer', () => {
+        expect(round(4159.499999)).toBe(4159);
+        expect(round(-4159.499999)).toBe(-4159);
+    });
+});
diff --git a/packages/logic/test/world/distance.test.ts b/packages/logic/test/world/distance.test.ts
index 2a79dece..5c08f27c 100644
--- a/packages/logic/test/world/distance.test.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/test/world/distance.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { getCityDistance, searchDistance } from '@sammo-ts/logic/world/distance.js';
+import { getCityDistance, searchDistance, searchDistanceEntries } from '@sammo-ts/logic/world/distance.js';
 import type { MapDefinition } from '@sammo-ts/logic/world/types.js';
 
 describe('World Distance', () => {
@@ -69,5 +69,22 @@ describe('World Distance', () => {
             const result = searchDistance(mockMap, 1, 10);
             expect(result).not.to.have.property('8');
         });
+
+        it('preserves legacy BFS visit order independently of numeric object-key ordering', () => {
+            const orderMap: MapDefinition = {
+                id: 'order-map',
+                name: 'Order Map',
+                cities: [
+                    { id: 1, connections: [10, 2] },
+                    { id: 10, connections: [1] },
+                    { id: 2, connections: [1] },
+                ] as any[],
+            };
+            expect(searchDistanceEntries(orderMap, 1, 1)).toEqual([
+                [1, 0],
+                [10, 1],
+                [2, 1],
+            ]);
+        });
     });
 });
diff --git a/packages/logic/test/worldBootstrap.test.ts b/packages/logic/test/worldBootstrap.test.ts
index 5e34f933..b774566c 100644
--- a/packages/logic/test/worldBootstrap.test.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/test/worldBootstrap.test.ts
@@ -72,6 +72,38 @@ describe('scenario bootstrap', () => {
                     special: 'Special',
                     text: 'Test line',
                 },
+                {
+                    affinity: 11,
+                    name: 'MedicalGeneral',
+                    picture: null,
+                    nation: 1,
+                    city: 'Alpha',
+                    leadership: 40,
+                    strength: 40,
+                    intelligence: 70,
+                    officerLevel: 1,
+                    birthYear: 180,
+                    deathYear: 240,
+                    personality: '출세',
+                    special: '의술',
+                    text: null,
+                },
+                {
+                    affinity: 12,
+                    name: 'ChargeGeneral',
+                    picture: null,
+                    nation: 1,
+                    city: 'Alpha',
+                    leadership: 70,
+                    strength: 60,
+                    intelligence: 20,
+                    officerLevel: 1,
+                    birthYear: 180,
+                    deathYear: 240,
+                    personality: '패권',
+                    special: '돌격',
+                    text: null,
+                },
             ],
             generalsEx: [],
             generalsNeutral: [],
@@ -129,17 +161,49 @@ describe('scenario bootstrap', () => {
         expect(result.snapshot.generals[0]?.crewTypeId).toBe(1200);
         expect(result.snapshot.generals[0]?.role.specialDomestic).toBe('Special');
         expect(result.snapshot.generals[0]?.role.specialWar).toBeNull();
+        expect(result.snapshot.generals[1]?.role).toMatchObject({
+            personality: 'che_출세',
+            specialDomestic: 'che_event_의술',
+            specialWar: null,
+        });
+        expect(result.seed.generals[1]).toMatchObject({
+            special: 'che_event_의술',
+            specialWar: null,
+        });
+        expect(result.snapshot.generals[2]?.role).toMatchObject({
+            personality: 'che_패권',
+            specialDomestic: 'che_event_돌격',
+            specialWar: null,
+        });
         expect(result.snapshot.generals[0]?.meta).toMatchObject({ specage: 25, specage2: 30 });
         expect(result.seed.generals[0]?.meta).toMatchObject({
             deathMonth: expect.any(Number),
             specage: 25,
             specage2: 30,
         });
+        const preOpening = buildScenarioBootstrap({
+            scenario,
+            map,
+            unitSet,
+            options: { initialYear: scenario.startYear! - 1 },
+        });
+        expect(preOpening.snapshot.generals[0]).toMatchObject({
+            age: 19,
+            meta: { specage: 25, specage2: 30 },
+        });
+        expect(preOpening.seed.generals[0]?.meta).toMatchObject({ specage: 25, specage2: 30 });
         expect(buildScenarioBootstrap({ scenario, map, unitSet }).snapshot.generals[0]?.meta).toEqual(
             result.snapshot.generals[0]?.meta
         );
         expect(result.seed.generals[0]?.npcType).toBe(2);
         expect(result.snapshot.scenarioMeta?.title).toBe('Test Scenario');
+        expect(result.seed.events[0]).toEqual(['pre_month', 9_000, true, ['UpdateCitySupply'], ['ProcessWarIncome']]);
+        expect(result.seed.events.flat(3)).toContain('ProcessSemiAnnual');
+        expect(result.seed.events.flat(3)).toContain('NewYear');
+        expect(result.seed.initialEvents[0]).toEqual([
+            true,
+            ['NoticeToHistoryLog', '<S>2년간 거병 및 건국이 가능합니다.</>', 6],
+        ]);
     });
 
     it('places generals without an explicit city in a deterministic valid city', () => {
@@ -210,7 +274,7 @@ describe('scenario bootstrap', () => {
             cities: [],
             events: [],
             initialEvents: [],
-            ignoreDefaultEvents: false,
+            ignoreDefaultEvents: true,
         };
         const map: MapDefinition = {
             id: 'test-map',
@@ -248,6 +312,36 @@ describe('scenario bootstrap', () => {
         expect(first.seed.generals[0]?.cityId).toBe(1);
         expect([1, 2]).toContain(first.seed.generals[1]?.cityId);
         expect(first.seed.generals.every((general) => general.cityId > 0)).toBe(true);
+        expect(
+            first.seed.generals.map((general) => ({
+                cityId: general.cityId,
+                affinity: general.affinity,
+                personality: general.personality,
+                experience: general.experience,
+                dedication: general.dedication,
+                deathMonth: general.meta.deathMonth,
+                initialTurnOffsetMicros: general.meta.initialTurnOffsetMicros,
+            }))
+        ).toEqual([
+            {
+                cityId: 1,
+                affinity: 10,
+                personality: 'che_안전',
+                experience: 2_000,
+                dedication: 2_000,
+                deathMonth: 12,
+                initialTurnOffsetMicros: 2_161_529_667,
+            },
+            {
+                cityId: 2,
+                affinity: 20,
+                personality: 'che_재간',
+                experience: 2_000,
+                dedication: 2_000,
+                deathMonth: 7,
+                initialTurnOffsetMicros: 3_203_248_275,
+            },
+        ]);
     });
 
     it('defers future generals into birth-year registration events and omits expired rows', () => {
@@ -306,7 +400,7 @@ describe('scenario bootstrap', () => {
             cities: [],
             events: [['Month', 500, ['Date', '>=', 200, 1], ['Existing']]],
             initialEvents: [],
-            ignoreDefaultEvents: false,
+            ignoreDefaultEvents: true,
         };
         const map: MapDefinition = {
             id: 'test-map',