diff --git a/.env.example b/.env.example
index 5f072538..de61f188 100644
--- a/.env.example
+++ b/.env.example
@@ -31,13 +31,15 @@ GATEWAY_DB_SCHEMA=public
 GATEWAY_WORKSPACE_ROOT=/path/to/core2026
 GATEWAY_WORKTREE_ROOT=/path/to/core2026/.worktrees
 GATEWAY_USER_ICON_DIR=uploads/user-icons
-GATEWAY_USER_ICON_PUBLIC_URL=http://localhost:13000/user-icons
+GATEWAY_USER_ICON_PUBLIC_URL=https://sam-image.hided.net/icons
 GATEWAY_IMAGE_UPLOAD_URL=https://sam-image.hided.net
 GATEWAY_IMAGE_UPLOAD_SECRET_FILE=/run/secrets/image_upload_core2026_secret
 GATEWAY_SHARED_ICON_PUBLIC_URL=https://sam-image.hided.net/icons
 GAME_IMAGE_UPLOAD_URL=https://sam-image.hided.net
 GAME_IMAGE_UPLOAD_SECRET_FILE=/run/secrets/image_upload_core2026_secret
 GAME_CONTENT_IMAGE_PUBLIC_URL=https://sam-image.hided.net/uploads/core2026
+IMAGE_SYNC_URL=https://sam-image.hided.net
+IMAGE_SYNC_SECRET_FILE=/run/secrets/image_sync_core2026_secret
 GATEWAY_LOCAL_REGISTRATION_ENABLED=true
 GATEWAY_LOCAL_ACCOUNT_GRACE_DAYS=7
 # Optional. Keep the PEM private key outside Git; if omitted, a per-process RSA key is generated.
@@ -65,10 +67,11 @@ TRPC_PATH=/trpc
 # Frontend public URLs
 # These values are public and become part of the browser bundle.
 VITE_GATEWAY_WEB_URL=/gateway/
+VITE_IMAGE_PUBLIC_URL=https://sam-image.hided.net
 # Comma-separated public hostnames accepted by Vite preview. Use * only behind a trusted reverse proxy.
 VITE_PREVIEW_ALLOWED_HOSTS=localhost,dev-sam-e2e.hided.net
-# Account-uploaded icons are served by the Gateway and remain a public browser URL.
-VITE_GATEWAY_USER_ICON_BASE_URL=/gateway/api/user-icons
+# Account-uploaded icons are public immutable files on the image service.
+VITE_GATEWAY_USER_ICON_BASE_URL=https://sam-image.hided.net/icons
 VITE_BOARD_COMMUNITY_URL=/xe/community
 # Set the remaining links only after their public routes are confirmed.
 VITE_BOARD_REQUEST_URL=
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index fa70d4e4..873bca31 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -95,11 +95,14 @@ mount하고 다음 서버 전용 변수를 설정합니다.
 GATEWAY_IMAGE_UPLOAD_URL=https://sam-image.hided.net
 GATEWAY_IMAGE_UPLOAD_SECRET_FILE=/run/secrets/image_upload_core2026_secret
 GATEWAY_SHARED_ICON_PUBLIC_URL=https://sam-image.hided.net/icons
+GATEWAY_USER_ICON_PUBLIC_URL=https://sam-image.hided.net/icons
 GAME_IMAGE_UPLOAD_URL=https://sam-image.hided.net
 GAME_IMAGE_UPLOAD_SECRET_FILE=/run/secrets/image_upload_core2026_secret
 GAME_CONTENT_IMAGE_PUBLIC_URL=https://sam-image.hided.net/uploads/core2026
 IMAGE_SYNC_URL=https://sam-image.hided.net
 IMAGE_SYNC_SECRET_FILE=/run/secrets/image_sync_core2026_secret
+VITE_IMAGE_PUBLIC_URL=https://sam-image.hided.net
+VITE_GATEWAY_USER_ICON_BASE_URL=https://sam-image.hided.net/icons
 ```
 
 Gateway가 인증과 50KB·크기·형식을 확인한 뒤 60초짜리 HMAC 요청으로 서버 간
@@ -107,6 +110,14 @@ PUT을 수행합니다. game-api의 국방·외교·정찰 편집기 첨부 이
 사용하되 `/uploads/core2026/` bind 경로에 저장합니다. 공유 비밀값은 `VITE_*`,
 브라우저 응답 또는 Cloudflare로 전달하지 않습니다.
 
+두 frontend는 별도 설정이 없으면 `https://sam-image.hided.net`을 공개 이미지
+origin으로 사용합니다. 게임 자산은 `/game`, 공용 장수 아이콘은 `/icons`,
+Core2026 사용자 아이콘은 서버가 발급한 `users/core2026/<파일>`을 `/icons`
+base 아래에 붙여 읽습니다. 로컬
+이미지 fixture가 필요한 비교 환경만 `VITE_IMAGE_PUBLIC_URL=/image`와 기존
+`VITE_GAME_ASSET_URL`을 명시적으로 덮어씁니다. 모든 `VITE_*` 값은 공개값이며,
+업로드 HMAC secret은 반드시 위의 server-side secret 파일로만 주입합니다.
+
 Gitea webhook을 놓친 경우에는 별도의 `image_sync_core2026_secret`을 mount한
 서버 컨테이너에서 `pnpm sync:image`를 실행합니다. 특정 이미지 저장소 commit을
 확인하면서 동기화하려면 `pnpm sync:image -- --commit <full-commit-sha>`를
diff --git a/app/game-api/src/messages/targets.ts b/app/game-api/src/messages/targets.ts
index fa5c8158..699324a1 100644
--- a/app/game-api/src/messages/targets.ts
+++ b/app/game-api/src/messages/targets.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ const DEFAULT_NATION = {
     color: '#000000',
 };
 
+const DEFAULT_SHARED_ICON_PUBLIC_URL = 'https://sam-image.hided.net/icons';
+
 export const resolveNationInfo = async (
     db: DatabaseClient,
     nationId: number
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ export const buildTargetFromGeneral = async (db: DatabaseClient, general: Genera
         nationId: general.nationId,
         nationName: nation.name,
         color: nation.color,
-        icon: general.imageServer ? `d_pic/${picture}` : `/image/icons/${picture}`,
+        icon: general.imageServer ? `d_pic/${picture}` : `${DEFAULT_SHARED_ICON_PUBLIC_URL}/${picture}`,
     };
 };
 
diff --git a/app/game-frontend/e2e/board.spec.ts b/app/game-frontend/e2e/board.spec.ts
index ed0178da..ca1ea528 100644
--- a/app/game-frontend/e2e/board.spec.ts
+++ b/app/game-frontend/e2e/board.spec.ts
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ const readImage = async (relative: string): Promise<Buffer> => {
 
 const installImages = async (page: Page) => {
     for (const filename of ['back_walnut.jpg', 'back_green.jpg', 'back_blue.jpg']) {
-        await page.route(`**/image/game/${filename}`, async (route) => {
+        await page.route(`https://sam-image.hided.net/game/${filename}`, async (route) => {
             await route.fulfill({
                 status: 200,
                 contentType: 'image/jpeg',
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ const installImages = async (page: Page) => {
             });
         });
     }
-    await page.route('**/image/icons/**', async (route) => {
+    await page.route('https://sam-image.hided.net/icons/**', async (route) => {
         await route.fulfill({
             status: 200,
             contentType: 'image/jpeg',
@@ -270,6 +270,10 @@ test('matches the ref meeting-room geometry, typography, textures, and controls'
     await installApi(page, state);
     await page.setViewportSize({ width: 1000, height: 800 });
     await gotoBoard(page);
+    await expect(page.locator('.general-icon').first()).toHaveAttribute(
+        'src',
+        'https://sam-image.hided.net/icons/22.jpg'
+    );
     if (artifactRoot) {
         await page.screenshot({
             path: resolve(artifactRoot, 'board-core-desktop.png'),
@@ -331,9 +335,9 @@ test('matches the ref meeting-room geometry, typography, textures, and controls'
     expect(geometry.font.family).toContain('Pretendard');
     expect(geometry.font).toMatchObject({ size: '14px', lineHeight: '18.2px' });
     expect(geometry.whiteSpace).toBe('pre');
-    expect(geometry.walnut).toContain('back_walnut.jpg');
-    expect(geometry.green).toContain('back_green.jpg');
-    expect(geometry.blue).toContain('back_blue.jpg');
+    expect(geometry.walnut).toContain('https://sam-image.hided.net/game/back_walnut.jpg');
+    expect(geometry.green).toContain('https://sam-image.hided.net/game/back_green.jpg');
+    expect(geometry.blue).toContain('https://sam-image.hided.net/game/back_blue.jpg');
     expect(geometry.submitStyle).toEqual({
         backgroundColor: 'rgb(68, 68, 68)',
         borderColor: 'rgb(61, 61, 61)',
diff --git a/app/game-frontend/src/assets/styles/tokens.css b/app/game-frontend/src/assets/styles/tokens.css
index f740a9af..4ece75b8 100644
--- a/app/game-frontend/src/assets/styles/tokens.css
+++ b/app/game-frontend/src/assets/styles/tokens.css
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
     --sammo-button-info-border: #2f89c5;
     --sammo-button-navigation-bg: #00582c;
     --sammo-button-navigation-border: #004f28;
-    --sammo-texture-walnut: url('/image/game/back_walnut.jpg');
-    --sammo-texture-green: url('/image/game/back_green.jpg');
-    --sammo-texture-blue: url('/image/game/back_blue.jpg');
+    --sammo-texture-walnut: url('https://sam-image.hided.net/game/back_walnut.jpg');
+    --sammo-texture-green: url('https://sam-image.hided.net/game/back_green.jpg');
+    --sammo-texture-blue: url('https://sam-image.hided.net/game/back_blue.jpg');
 }
diff --git a/app/game-frontend/src/components/main/MapViewer.vue b/app/game-frontend/src/components/main/MapViewer.vue
index 3504d19e..78290f3e 100644
--- a/app/game-frontend/src/components/main/MapViewer.vue
+++ b/app/game-frontend/src/components/main/MapViewer.vue
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import MapCityBasic from './MapCityBasic.vue';
 import MapCityDetail from './MapCityDetail.vue';
 import { useMapViewerStore } from '../../stores/mapViewer';
 import { buildAssetUrl } from '../../utils/mapAssets';
+import { configuredGameAssetUrl } from '../../utils/imageAssets';
 
 interface MapSummary {
     year: number;
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ const resolveStateClass = (state: number): CityStateClass => {
     return 'wrong';
 };
 
-const assetBaseUrl = computed(() => import.meta.env.VITE_GAME_ASSET_URL?.trim() || '/image/game');
+const assetBaseUrl = computed(configuredGameAssetUrl);
 const resolveAsset = (path: string) => buildAssetUrl(assetBaseUrl.value, path);
 
 const nationById = computed(() => {
diff --git a/app/game-frontend/src/components/main/MessagePlate.vue b/app/game-frontend/src/components/main/MessagePlate.vue
index f678161b..228fa5f6 100644
--- a/app/game-frontend/src/components/main/MessagePlate.vue
+++ b/app/game-frontend/src/components/main/MessagePlate.vue
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import { computed, onBeforeUnmount, onMounted, ref } from 'vue';
 import type { MessageType } from '@sammo-ts/logic';
-import { resolveMessageGeneralIconUrl, useDefaultGeneralIcon } from '../../utils/generalIcon';
+import { DEFAULT_GENERAL_ICON_URL, resolveMessageGeneralIconUrl, useDefaultGeneralIcon } from '../../utils/generalIcon';
 
 interface MessageTarget {
     generalId: number;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ const destination = computed<MessageTarget>(
             nationId: 0,
             nationName: '재야',
             color: '#000000',
-            icon: '/image/icons/default.jpg',
+            icon: DEFAULT_GENERAL_ICON_URL,
         }
 );
 
diff --git a/app/game-frontend/src/env.d.ts b/app/game-frontend/src/env.d.ts
index 2d4ff65c..2f5bd742 100644
--- a/app/game-frontend/src/env.d.ts
+++ b/app/game-frontend/src/env.d.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ interface ImportMetaEnv {
     readonly VITE_GAME_API_URL?: string;
     readonly VITE_GAME_SSE_URL?: string;
     readonly VITE_GAME_ASSET_URL?: string;
+    readonly VITE_IMAGE_PUBLIC_URL?: string;
     readonly VITE_GAME_PROFILE?: string;
     readonly VITE_GATEWAY_WEB_URL?: string;
     readonly VITE_GATEWAY_USER_ICON_BASE_URL?: string;
diff --git a/app/game-frontend/src/main.ts b/app/game-frontend/src/main.ts
index f23a5fc5..025d426c 100644
--- a/app/game-frontend/src/main.ts
+++ b/app/game-frontend/src/main.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ import { createPinia } from 'pinia';
 import App from './App.vue';
 import router from './router';
 import './assets/main.css';
+import { installImageAssetCssVariables } from './utils/imageAssets';
+
+installImageAssetCssVariables();
 
 const app = createApp(App);
 
diff --git a/app/game-frontend/src/utils/generalIcon.ts b/app/game-frontend/src/utils/generalIcon.ts
index fbf5a8b8..be203186 100644
--- a/app/game-frontend/src/utils/generalIcon.ts
+++ b/app/game-frontend/src/utils/generalIcon.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
-export const DEFAULT_GENERAL_ICON_URL = '/image/icons/default.jpg';
-export const DEFAULT_GATEWAY_USER_ICON_BASE_URL = '/gateway/api/user-icons';
+import {
+    configuredSharedIconPublicUrl,
+    configuredUserIconPublicUrl,
+    DEFAULT_USER_ICON_PUBLIC_URL,
+    externalizeLegacyImageUrl,
+} from './imageAssets.ts';
+
+export const DEFAULT_GENERAL_ICON_URL = `${configuredSharedIconPublicUrl()}/default.jpg`;
+export const DEFAULT_GATEWAY_USER_ICON_BASE_URL = DEFAULT_USER_ICON_PUBLIC_URL;
 
 export type GeneralIconSource = {
     picture?: string | null;
@@ -23,16 +30,16 @@ const encodeLegacyIconPath = (value: string): string =>
         })
         .join('/');
 
-const configuredUserIconBaseUrl = (): string =>
-    import.meta.env?.VITE_GATEWAY_USER_ICON_BASE_URL?.trim() || DEFAULT_GATEWAY_USER_ICON_BASE_URL;
-
 export const resolveGeneralIconUrl = (
     source: GeneralIconSource,
-    { legacyBaseUrl = '/image/icons', userIconBaseUrl = configuredUserIconBaseUrl() }: GeneralIconOptions = {}
+    {
+        legacyBaseUrl = configuredSharedIconPublicUrl(),
+        userIconBaseUrl = configuredUserIconPublicUrl(),
+    }: GeneralIconOptions = {}
 ): string => {
     const picture = source.picture?.trim() || 'default.jpg';
     const baseUrl = source.imageServer ? userIconBaseUrl : legacyBaseUrl;
-    const encodedPicture = source.imageServer ? encodeURIComponent(picture) : encodeLegacyIconPath(picture);
+    const encodedPicture = encodeLegacyIconPath(picture);
     return `${trimTrailingSlashes(baseUrl)}/${encodedPicture}`;
 };
 
@@ -43,7 +50,7 @@ export const resolveGeneralIconBackgroundImage = (source: GeneralIconSource, opt
 
 export const resolveMessageGeneralIconUrl = (
     icon: string | null | undefined,
-    userIconBaseUrl = configuredUserIconBaseUrl()
+    userIconBaseUrl = configuredUserIconPublicUrl()
 ): string => {
     const normalized = icon?.trim();
     if (!normalized) {
@@ -55,6 +62,9 @@ export const resolveMessageGeneralIconUrl = (
         return resolveGeneralIconUrl({ picture: userIconMatch[1], imageServer: 1 }, { userIconBaseUrl });
     }
 
+    if (normalized.startsWith('/image/')) {
+        return externalizeLegacyImageUrl(normalized);
+    }
     if (normalized.startsWith('/') || /^https?:\/\//iu.test(normalized)) {
         return normalized;
     }
diff --git a/app/game-frontend/src/utils/imageAssets.ts b/app/game-frontend/src/utils/imageAssets.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b0fed2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/game-frontend/src/utils/imageAssets.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+export const DEFAULT_IMAGE_PUBLIC_URL = 'https://sam-image.hided.net';
+export const DEFAULT_SHARED_ICON_PUBLIC_URL = `${DEFAULT_IMAGE_PUBLIC_URL}/icons`;
+export const DEFAULT_USER_ICON_PUBLIC_URL = DEFAULT_SHARED_ICON_PUBLIC_URL;
+
+const trimTrailingSlashes = (value: string): string => value.replace(/\/+$/u, '');
+
+const configuredValue = (value: string | undefined, fallback: string): string => {
+    const normalized = value?.trim();
+    return trimTrailingSlashes(normalized || fallback);
+};
+
+export const configuredImagePublicUrl = (): string =>
+    configuredValue(import.meta.env?.VITE_IMAGE_PUBLIC_URL, DEFAULT_IMAGE_PUBLIC_URL);
+
+export const configuredSharedIconPublicUrl = (): string =>
+    `${configuredImagePublicUrl()}/icons`;
+
+export const configuredUserIconPublicUrl = (): string =>
+    configuredValue(
+        import.meta.env?.VITE_GATEWAY_USER_ICON_BASE_URL,
+        `${configuredImagePublicUrl()}/icons`
+    );
+
+export const configuredGameAssetUrl = (): string => {
+    const explicit = import.meta.env?.VITE_GAME_ASSET_URL?.trim();
+    if (!explicit) {
+        return `${configuredImagePublicUrl()}/game`;
+    }
+    const normalized = trimTrailingSlashes(explicit);
+    return normalized.endsWith('/image') ? `${normalized}/game` : normalized;
+};
+
+export const externalizeLegacyImageUrl = (value: string): string => {
+    if (value.startsWith('/image/general/')) {
+        return `${configuredSharedIconPublicUrl()}/${value.slice('/image/general/'.length)}`;
+    }
+    if (value.startsWith('/image/')) {
+        return `${configuredImagePublicUrl()}/${value.slice('/image/'.length)}`;
+    }
+    return value;
+};
+
+export const installImageAssetCssVariables = (): void => {
+    const root = document.documentElement.style;
+    const gameAssetUrl = configuredGameAssetUrl();
+    root.setProperty('--sammo-texture-walnut', `url(${JSON.stringify(`${gameAssetUrl}/back_walnut.jpg`)})`);
+    root.setProperty('--sammo-texture-green', `url(${JSON.stringify(`${gameAssetUrl}/back_green.jpg`)})`);
+    root.setProperty('--sammo-texture-blue', `url(${JSON.stringify(`${gameAssetUrl}/back_blue.jpg`)})`);
+};
diff --git a/app/game-frontend/src/views/DiplomacyView.vue b/app/game-frontend/src/views/DiplomacyView.vue
index cb7aee3c..95b1c288 100644
--- a/app/game-frontend/src/views/DiplomacyView.vue
+++ b/app/game-frontend/src/views/DiplomacyView.vue
@@ -229,10 +229,7 @@ const nationStyle = (color: string) => ({
 const signerIcon = (signer: DiplomacyLetter['src'] | DiplomacyLetter['dest']): string | null => {
     if (signer.generalIcon) return signer.generalIcon;
     if (!signer.generalPicture) return null;
-    return resolveGeneralIconUrl(
-        { picture: signer.generalPicture, imageServer: signer.generalImageServer },
-        { legacyBaseUrl: '/image/general' }
-    );
+    return resolveGeneralIconUrl({ picture: signer.generalPicture, imageServer: signer.generalImageServer });
 };
 
 const toggleHistory = (letterId: number) => {
diff --git a/app/game-frontend/src/views/GeneralListView.vue b/app/game-frontend/src/views/GeneralListView.vue
index 084144cb..4febfac9 100644
--- a/app/game-frontend/src/views/GeneralListView.vue
+++ b/app/game-frontend/src/views/GeneralListView.vue
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ const loadDirectory = async () => {
     }
 };
 
-const imageUrl = (general: General): string => resolveGeneralIconUrl(general, { legacyBaseUrl: '/image/general' });
+const imageUrl = (general: General): string => resolveGeneralIconUrl(general);
 const injuredStat = (value: number, injury: number): number => Math.trunc((value * (100 - injury)) / 100);
 
 onMounted(() => {
diff --git a/app/game-frontend/test/generalIcon.test.ts b/app/game-frontend/test/generalIcon.test.ts
index 1d2c4c0b..c2fc3ed7 100644
--- a/app/game-frontend/test/generalIcon.test.ts
+++ b/app/game-frontend/test/generalIcon.test.ts
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ import {
 } from '../src/utils/generalIcon.ts';
 
 void describe('generalIcon', () => {
-    void it('routes user icons through the gateway and encodes the complete filename', () => {
+    void it('preserves server-issued user icon path segments while encoding traversal segments', () => {
         assert.equal(
             resolveGeneralIconUrl(
                 { picture: '계정 icon/../1.jpg', imageServer: 1 },
                 { userIconBaseUrl: '/gateway/api/user-icons/' }
             ),
-            '/gateway/api/user-icons/%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%20icon%2F..%2F1.jpg'
+            '/gateway/api/user-icons/%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%20icon/%2E%2E/1.jpg'
         );
     });
 
@@ -30,31 +30,34 @@ void describe('generalIcon', () => {
         );
         assert.equal(
             resolveGeneralIconUrl({ picture: '장수/관우 1.png', imageServer: 0 }),
-            '/image/icons/%EC%9E%A5%EC%88%98/%EA%B4%80%EC%9A%B0%201.png'
+            'https://sam-image.hided.net/icons/%EC%9E%A5%EC%88%98/%EA%B4%80%EC%9A%B0%201.png'
         );
         assert.equal(
             resolveGeneralIconUrl({ picture: '../secret.png', imageServer: 0 }),
-            '/image/icons/%2E%2E/secret.png'
+            'https://sam-image.hided.net/icons/%2E%2E/secret.png'
         );
     });
 
     void it('uses a deterministic default and safe layered fallback for CSS backgrounds', () => {
-        assert.equal(resolveGeneralIconUrl({ picture: null, imageServer: 0 }), '/image/icons/default.jpg');
+        assert.equal(
+            resolveGeneralIconUrl({ picture: null, imageServer: 0 }),
+            'https://sam-image.hided.net/icons/default.jpg'
+        );
         assert.equal(
             resolveGeneralIconBackgroundImage(
                 { picture: 'custom.jpg', imageServer: 1 },
                 { userIconBaseUrl: '/gateway/api/user-icons' }
             ),
-            'url("/gateway/api/user-icons/custom.jpg"), url("/image/icons/default.jpg")'
+            'url("/gateway/api/user-icons/custom.jpg"), url("https://sam-image.hided.net/icons/default.jpg")'
         );
     });
 
     void it('translates legacy message d_pic references without changing absolute or external icons', () => {
         assert.equal(
-            resolveMessageGeneralIconUrl('d_pic/user name.jpg', '/gateway/api/user-icons/'),
-            '/gateway/api/user-icons/user%20name.jpg'
+            resolveMessageGeneralIconUrl('d_pic/users/core2026/user name.jpg', '/gateway/api/user-icons/'),
+            '/gateway/api/user-icons/users/core2026/user%20name.jpg'
         );
-        assert.equal(resolveMessageGeneralIconUrl('/image/icons/22.jpg'), '/image/icons/22.jpg');
+        assert.equal(resolveMessageGeneralIconUrl('/image/icons/22.jpg'), 'https://sam-image.hided.net/icons/22.jpg');
         assert.equal(resolveMessageGeneralIconUrl('https://cdn.example/icon.jpg'), 'https://cdn.example/icon.jpg');
         assert.equal(resolveMessageGeneralIconUrl(''), DEFAULT_GENERAL_ICON_URL);
     });
diff --git a/app/game-frontend/test/imageAssets.test.ts b/app/game-frontend/test/imageAssets.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..80b13c61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/game-frontend/test/imageAssets.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { describe, it } from 'node:test';
+
+import {
+    configuredGameAssetUrl,
+    configuredImagePublicUrl,
+    configuredSharedIconPublicUrl,
+    configuredUserIconPublicUrl,
+    externalizeLegacyImageUrl,
+} from '../src/utils/imageAssets.ts';
+
+void describe('imageAssets', () => {
+    void it('uses the dedicated image host when no frontend override is provided', () => {
+        assert.equal(configuredImagePublicUrl(), 'https://sam-image.hided.net');
+        assert.equal(configuredGameAssetUrl(), 'https://sam-image.hided.net/game');
+        assert.equal(configuredSharedIconPublicUrl(), 'https://sam-image.hided.net/icons');
+        assert.equal(configuredUserIconPublicUrl(), 'https://sam-image.hided.net/icons');
+    });
+
+    void it('maps legacy local image paths to the dedicated image host', () => {
+        assert.equal(
+            externalizeLegacyImageUrl('/image/icons/default.jpg'),
+            'https://sam-image.hided.net/icons/default.jpg'
+        );
+        assert.equal(
+            externalizeLegacyImageUrl('/image/general/장수/유비.png'),
+            'https://sam-image.hided.net/icons/장수/유비.png'
+        );
+        assert.equal(externalizeLegacyImageUrl('/gateway/logo.png'), '/gateway/logo.png');
+    });
+});
diff --git a/app/gateway-api/src/account/router.ts b/app/gateway-api/src/account/router.ts
index 9581765d..f0cbe79c 100644
--- a/app/gateway-api/src/account/router.ts
+++ b/app/gateway-api/src/account/router.ts
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ const encodeIconPath = (picture: string): string => picture.split('/').map(encod
 
 const buildPictureUrl = (ctx: GatewayApiContext, picture: string, imageServer: number): string =>
     imageServer === 1
-        ? `${ctx.userIconPublicUrl.replace(/\/$/, '')}/${encodeURIComponent(picture)}`
+        ? `${ctx.userIconPublicUrl.replace(/\/$/, '')}/${encodeIconPath(picture)}`
         : `${ctx.sharedIconPublicUrl.replace(/\/$/, '')}/${encodeIconPath(picture)}`;
 
 const buildIconUrl = (ctx: GatewayApiContext, user: UserRecord): string | null => {
diff --git a/app/gateway-api/src/config.ts b/app/gateway-api/src/config.ts
index 7d9dfb6b..a8a0b8cd 100644
--- a/app/gateway-api/src/config.ts
+++ b/app/gateway-api/src/config.ts
@@ -95,10 +95,9 @@ export const resolveGatewayApiConfigFromEnv = (env: NodeJS.ProcessEnv = process.
         kakaoRedirectUri,
         publicBaseUrl,
         userIconDir: env.GATEWAY_USER_ICON_DIR ?? 'uploads/user-icons',
-        userIconPublicUrl: env.GATEWAY_USER_ICON_PUBLIC_URL ?? `${publicBaseUrl.replace(/\/$/, '')}/user-icons`,
+        userIconPublicUrl: env.GATEWAY_USER_ICON_PUBLIC_URL ?? 'https://sam-image.hided.net/icons',
         imageUploadBaseUrl: env.GATEWAY_IMAGE_UPLOAD_URL ?? 'https://sam-image.hided.net',
-        imageUploadSecretFile:
-            env.GATEWAY_IMAGE_UPLOAD_SECRET_FILE ?? '/run/secrets/image_upload_core2026_secret',
+        imageUploadSecretFile: env.GATEWAY_IMAGE_UPLOAD_SECRET_FILE ?? '/run/secrets/image_upload_core2026_secret',
         sharedIconPublicUrl: env.GATEWAY_SHARED_ICON_PUBLIC_URL ?? 'https://sam-image.hided.net/icons',
         adminLocalAccountEnabled: parseBooleanWithFallback(env.GATEWAY_ADMIN_LOCAL_ACCOUNT_ENABLED, false),
         localRegistrationEnabled: parseBooleanWithFallback(env.GATEWAY_LOCAL_REGISTRATION_ENABLED, true),
diff --git a/app/gateway-api/src/context.ts b/app/gateway-api/src/context.ts
index 4136856e..f47e6329 100644
--- a/app/gateway-api/src/context.ts
+++ b/app/gateway-api/src/context.ts
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ export const createGatewayApiContext = (options: {
     oauthSessions: options.oauthSessions,
     publicBaseUrl: options.publicBaseUrl,
     userIconDir: options.userIconDir ?? 'uploads/user-icons',
-    userIconPublicUrl: options.userIconPublicUrl ?? `${options.publicBaseUrl.replace(/\/$/, '')}/user-icons`,
+    userIconPublicUrl: options.userIconPublicUrl ?? 'https://sam-image.hided.net/icons',
     sharedIconPublicUrl: options.sharedIconPublicUrl ?? 'https://sam-image.hided.net/icons',
     userIconUpload: options.userIconUpload,
     adminLocalAccountEnabled: options.adminLocalAccountEnabled,
diff --git a/app/gateway-api/test/authFlow.test.ts b/app/gateway-api/test/authFlow.test.ts
index 6aaf3ea1..0c4faf30 100644
--- a/app/gateway-api/test/authFlow.test.ts
+++ b/app/gateway-api/test/authFlow.test.ts
@@ -979,11 +979,15 @@ describe('account self service', () => {
                 imageData: `data:image/png;base64,${png.toString('base64')}`,
             });
             const updated = await users.findById(user.id);
+            const account = await caller.account.get({ sessionToken: session.sessionToken });
 
             expect(result.iconUrl).toMatch(
                 /^https:\/\/sam-image\.hided\.net\/icons\/users\/core2026\/[a-f0-9]{32}\.png$/
             );
             expect(result.profiles.map((profile) => profile.profileName)).toEqual(['che:default', 'hwe:default']);
+            expect(account?.icons[0]?.url).toMatch(
+                /^https:\/\/sam-image\.hided\.net\/icons\/users\/core2026\/[a-f0-9]{32}\.png$/
+            );
             expect(updated?.imageServer).toBe(0);
             expect(flushPublisher.publishUserFlush).toHaveBeenCalledWith(user.id, 'account-icon-changed');
             expect(userIconUpload.upload).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
diff --git a/app/gateway-frontend/e2e/lobby-game-auth.spec.ts b/app/gateway-frontend/e2e/lobby-game-auth.spec.ts
index 3592e7a7..b29e14fc 100644
--- a/app/gateway-frontend/e2e/lobby-game-auth.spec.ts
+++ b/app/gateway-frontend/e2e/lobby-game-auth.spec.ts
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ const installFixture = async (page: Page, options: LobbyFixtureOptions = {}) =>
         canCreateGeneral = true,
         myGeneral = {
             name: '선택장수',
-            picture: 'account-hash.png',
+            picture: 'users/core2026/account-hash.png',
             imageServer: 1,
         },
         selectionPoolEnabled = true,
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ const installFixture = async (page: Page, options: LobbyFixtureOptions = {}) =>
         });
         await fulfillTrpc(route, results);
     });
-    await page.route('**/gateway/api/user-icons/account-hash.png', async (route) => {
+    await page.route('https://sam-image.hided.net/icons/users/core2026/account-hash.png', async (route) => {
         await route.fulfill({
             status: 200,
             contentType: 'image/png',
@@ -189,7 +189,10 @@ test('exchanges the gateway token before loading authenticated lobby general dat
     await expect(row).toContainText('선택장수');
     await expect(row.getByRole('button', { name: '입장' })).toBeVisible();
     const portrait = row.locator('img');
-    await expect(portrait).toHaveAttribute('src', '/gateway/api/user-icons/account-hash.png');
+    await expect(portrait).toHaveAttribute(
+        'src',
+        'https://sam-image.hided.net/icons/users/core2026/account-hash.png'
+    );
     await expect.poll(() => portrait.evaluate((image: HTMLImageElement) => image.naturalWidth)).toBe(1);
 
     expect(gameOperations.find(({ operation }) => operation === 'auth.exchangeGatewayToken')).toEqual({
diff --git a/app/gateway-frontend/src/components/MapPreview.vue b/app/gateway-frontend/src/components/MapPreview.vue
index e7e1d6aa..27a6e02d 100644
--- a/app/gateway-frontend/src/components/MapPreview.vue
+++ b/app/gateway-frontend/src/components/MapPreview.vue
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import { computed } from 'vue';
+import { configuredGameAssetUrl } from '../utils/imageAssets';
 
 interface MapSummary {
     year: number;
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ const props = defineProps<{
 const BASE_MAP_WIDTH = 700;
 const BASE_MAP_HEIGHT = 500;
 
-const assetBase = computed(() => (import.meta.env.VITE_GAME_ASSET_URL ?? '/image').replace(/\/+$/, ''));
+const assetBase = computed(configuredGameAssetUrl);
 const season = computed(() => {
     if (props.mapData.month <= 3) return 'spring';
     if (props.mapData.month <= 6) return 'summer';
@@ -49,11 +50,11 @@ const season = computed(() => {
 });
 const mapBackground = computed(() => {
     const theme = props.mapLayout.mapName;
-    if (theme === 'ludo_rathowm') return `${assetBase.value}/game/map/ludo_rathowm/back.jpg`;
-    if (theme === 'chess') return `${assetBase.value}/game/map/chess/chessboard.png`;
-    if (theme === 'pokemon_v1') return `${assetBase.value}/game/map/pokemon_v1/back_pal8.png`;
-    if (theme === 'cr') return `${assetBase.value}/game/map/cr/bg-fs8.png`;
-    return `${assetBase.value}/game/map/che/bg_${season.value}.jpg`;
+    if (theme === 'ludo_rathowm') return `${assetBase.value}/map/ludo_rathowm/back.jpg`;
+    if (theme === 'chess') return `${assetBase.value}/map/chess/chessboard.png`;
+    if (theme === 'pokemon_v1') return `${assetBase.value}/map/pokemon_v1/back_pal8.png`;
+    if (theme === 'cr') return `${assetBase.value}/map/cr/bg-fs8.png`;
+    return `${assetBase.value}/map/che/bg_${season.value}.jpg`;
 });
 
 const nationById = computed(() => {
diff --git a/app/gateway-frontend/src/env.d.ts b/app/gateway-frontend/src/env.d.ts
index a8166495..b7efd477 100644
--- a/app/gateway-frontend/src/env.d.ts
+++ b/app/gateway-frontend/src/env.d.ts
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ interface ImportMetaEnv {
     readonly VITE_GATEWAY_API_URL?: string;
     readonly VITE_GAME_API_URL_TEMPLATE?: string;
     readonly VITE_GAME_ASSET_URL?: string;
+    readonly VITE_IMAGE_PUBLIC_URL?: string;
+    readonly VITE_GATEWAY_USER_ICON_BASE_URL?: string;
     readonly VITE_GAME_WEB_URL?: string;
     readonly VITE_GAME_WEB_URL_TEMPLATE?: string;
 }
diff --git a/app/gateway-frontend/src/main.ts b/app/gateway-frontend/src/main.ts
index 2e552ae5..8c8591d0 100644
--- a/app/gateway-frontend/src/main.ts
+++ b/app/gateway-frontend/src/main.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ import { createPinia } from 'pinia';
 import App from './App.vue';
 import router from './router';
 import './assets/main.css';
+import { installImageAssetCssVariables } from './utils/imageAssets';
+
+installImageAssetCssVariables();
 
 const app = createApp(App);
 
diff --git a/app/gateway-frontend/src/utils/imageAssets.ts b/app/gateway-frontend/src/utils/imageAssets.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9d51ae53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/gateway-frontend/src/utils/imageAssets.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+export const DEFAULT_IMAGE_PUBLIC_URL = 'https://sam-image.hided.net';
+export const DEFAULT_SHARED_ICON_PUBLIC_URL = `${DEFAULT_IMAGE_PUBLIC_URL}/icons`;
+export const DEFAULT_USER_ICON_PUBLIC_URL = DEFAULT_SHARED_ICON_PUBLIC_URL;
+
+const trimTrailingSlashes = (value: string): string => value.replace(/\/+$/u, '');
+
+const configuredValue = (value: string | undefined, fallback: string): string => {
+    const normalized = value?.trim();
+    return trimTrailingSlashes(normalized || fallback);
+};
+
+export const configuredImagePublicUrl = (): string =>
+    configuredValue(import.meta.env?.VITE_IMAGE_PUBLIC_URL, DEFAULT_IMAGE_PUBLIC_URL);
+
+export const configuredSharedIconPublicUrl = (): string => `${configuredImagePublicUrl()}/icons`;
+
+export const configuredUserIconPublicUrl = (): string =>
+    configuredValue(
+        import.meta.env?.VITE_GATEWAY_USER_ICON_BASE_URL,
+        `${configuredImagePublicUrl()}/icons`
+    );
+
+export const configuredGameAssetUrl = (): string => {
+    const explicit = import.meta.env?.VITE_GAME_ASSET_URL?.trim();
+    if (!explicit) {
+        return `${configuredImagePublicUrl()}/game`;
+    }
+    const normalized = trimTrailingSlashes(explicit);
+    return normalized.endsWith('/game') ? normalized : `${normalized}/game`;
+};
+
+export const installImageAssetCssVariables = (): void => {
+    const root = document.documentElement.style;
+    const gameAssetUrl = configuredGameAssetUrl();
+    root.setProperty('--sammo-texture-walnut', `url(${JSON.stringify(`${gameAssetUrl}/back_walnut.jpg`)})`);
+    root.setProperty('--sammo-texture-green', `url(${JSON.stringify(`${gameAssetUrl}/back_green.jpg`)})`);
+    root.setProperty('--sammo-texture-blue', `url(${JSON.stringify(`${gameAssetUrl}/back_blue.jpg`)})`);
+};
diff --git a/app/gateway-frontend/src/views/AccountView.vue b/app/gateway-frontend/src/views/AccountView.vue
index a2943cba..318c5826 100644
--- a/app/gateway-frontend/src/views/AccountView.vue
+++ b/app/gateway-frontend/src/views/AccountView.vue
@@ -713,17 +713,17 @@ onBeforeUnmount(() => {
 
 .legacy-bg0 {
     background-color: #302016;
-    background-image: url('/image/game/back_walnut.jpg');
+    background-image: var(--sammo-texture-walnut, url('https://sam-image.hided.net/game/back_walnut.jpg'));
 }
 
 .legacy-bg1 {
     background-color: #14241b;
-    background-image: url('/image/game/back_green.jpg');
+    background-image: var(--sammo-texture-green, url('https://sam-image.hided.net/game/back_green.jpg'));
 }
 
 .legacy-bg2 {
     background-color: #172a52;
-    background-image: url('/image/game/back_blue.jpg');
+    background-image: var(--sammo-texture-blue, url('https://sam-image.hided.net/game/back_blue.jpg'));
 }
 
 #account-table caption {
diff --git a/app/gateway-frontend/src/views/LobbyView.vue b/app/gateway-frontend/src/views/LobbyView.vue
index 8423d5b1..0328a03b 100644
--- a/app/gateway-frontend/src/views/LobbyView.vue
+++ b/app/gateway-frontend/src/views/LobbyView.vue
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import { trpc } from '../utils/trpc';
 import { createGameTrpc } from '../utils/gameTrpc';
 import type { GameRouter } from '../utils/gameTrpc';
 import { resolveServerSeasonStatus } from '../utils/serverSeasonStatus';
+import { configuredSharedIconPublicUrl, configuredUserIconPublicUrl } from '../utils/imageAssets';
 
 type GatewayRouterOutput = inferRouterOutputs<AppRouter>;
 type GameRouterOutput = inferRouterOutputs<GameRouter>;
@@ -40,7 +41,8 @@ const canAccessAdmin = computed(
         ) ?? false
 );
 const needsKakaoVerification = computed(() => me.value !== null && !me.value.kakaoVerified);
-const userIconBaseUrl = import.meta.env.VITE_GATEWAY_USER_ICON_BASE_URL ?? '/gateway/api/user-icons';
+const userIconBaseUrl = configuredUserIconPublicUrl();
+const sharedIconBaseUrl = configuredSharedIconPublicUrl();
 
 const formatGraceEndsAt = (value: string | null | undefined): string =>
     value ? new Date(value).toLocaleString('ko-KR') : '';
@@ -57,8 +59,8 @@ const encodeLegacyIconPath = (value: string): string =>
 const resolveGeneralPicture = (general: LobbyGeneral): string => {
     const picture = general.picture?.trim() || 'default.jpg';
     return general.imageServer
-        ? `${userIconBaseUrl.replace(/\/$/, '')}/${encodeURIComponent(picture)}`
-        : `/image/icons/${encodeLegacyIconPath(picture)}`;
+        ? `${userIconBaseUrl.replace(/\/$/, '')}/${encodeLegacyIconPath(picture)}`
+        : `${sharedIconBaseUrl}/${encodeLegacyIconPath(picture)}`;
 };
 const handleGeneralPictureError = (event: Event): void => {
     const image = event.currentTarget as HTMLImageElement;
@@ -66,7 +68,7 @@ const handleGeneralPictureError = (event: Event): void => {
         return;
     }
     image.dataset.generalIconFallbackSource = image.currentSrc;
-    image.src = '/image/icons/default.jpg';
+    image.src = `${sharedIconBaseUrl}/default.jpg`;
 };
 
 onMounted(async () => {
diff --git a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/nation/che_몰수.ts b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/nation/che_몰수.ts
index 3c6c903c..d1ecb761 100644
--- a/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/nation/che_몰수.ts
+++ b/packages/logic/src/actions/turn/nation/che_몰수.ts
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ const resolveGeneralIcon = (general: General): string => {
         (typeof rawPicture === 'string' && rawPicture !== '') || typeof rawPicture === 'number'
             ? String(rawPicture)
             : 'default.jpg';
-    return `/image/icons/${picture}`;
+    return `https://sam-image.hided.net/icons/${picture}`;
 };
 
 export class ActionDefinition<
diff --git a/tools/frontend-legacy-parity/playwright.config.mjs b/tools/frontend-legacy-parity/playwright.config.mjs
index b282f35f..977213f8 100644
--- a/tools/frontend-legacy-parity/playwright.config.mjs
+++ b/tools/frontend-legacy-parity/playwright.config.mjs
@@ -41,14 +41,14 @@ export default defineConfig({
     },
     webServer: [
         {
-            command: `VITE_APP_BASE_PATH=/gateway VITE_GATEWAY_API_URL=/gateway/api/trpc VITE_GAME_API_URL_TEMPLATE=/{profile}/api/trpc VITE_GAME_ASSET_URL=/image pnpm --filter @sammo-ts/gateway-frontend dev --host 127.0.0.1 --port ${gatewayPort}`,
+            command: `VITE_APP_BASE_PATH=/gateway VITE_GATEWAY_API_URL=/gateway/api/trpc VITE_GAME_API_URL_TEMPLATE=/{profile}/api/trpc VITE_IMAGE_PUBLIC_URL=/image VITE_GAME_ASSET_URL=/image pnpm --filter @sammo-ts/gateway-frontend dev --host 127.0.0.1 --port ${gatewayPort}`,
             cwd: repositoryRoot,
             url: `http://127.0.0.1:${gatewayPort}/gateway/`,
             reuseExistingServer,
             timeout: 120_000,
         },
         {
-            command: `VITE_APP_BASE_PATH=/che VITE_GAME_API_URL=/che/api/trpc VITE_GAME_ASSET_URL=/image VITE_GAME_PROFILE=che VITE_GATEWAY_WEB_URL=/gateway/ pnpm --filter @sammo-ts/game-frontend dev --host 127.0.0.1 --port ${gamePort}`,
+            command: `VITE_APP_BASE_PATH=/che VITE_GAME_API_URL=/che/api/trpc VITE_IMAGE_PUBLIC_URL=/image VITE_GAME_ASSET_URL=/image VITE_GAME_PROFILE=che VITE_GATEWAY_WEB_URL=/gateway/ pnpm --filter @sammo-ts/game-frontend dev --host 127.0.0.1 --port ${gamePort}`,
             cwd: repositoryRoot,
             url: `http://127.0.0.1:${gamePort}/che/`,
             reuseExistingServer,